在文明与乡野之间

【作者】 张原；

【导师】 王铭铭；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 人类学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 贵州黔中的屯堡村寨是明代中央政府在西南边疆推行“卫所屯田”与“移民实边”制度的一个历史产物,这些由“移自中土”的明代屯军及其后裔所营建的社区聚落主要分布在贵州省安顺市的滇黔通道沿线,并与当地少数民族的村寨犬牙相错,形成了“汉夷”杂处相搀的格局。作为一种独特的人文类型,黔中屯堡形成发展之历程不仅反映了帝制时期帝国边陲的“教化”进程与“华夷”互动的历史,也展现了中国西南地区在进入“民族一国家”阶段时基层社区的种种境遇。在其600多年的演变过程中,这些原本由帝国在边疆所创设的军屯民堡虽然逐步地褪去了“国家”的色彩,然而屯堡村寨内的社会生活与文化风貌却是在与一个文明体系之间进行持续性的关联互动中得以铸就与维系的。因此,通过考察屯堡村寨礼俗生活的表现形态与历史感,本文试图呈现一个基层社区是如何对来源于“帝国礼教”的一套象征观念体系进行模仿、挪用和再创造,形成一套具有独特历史隐喻与道德寓意的“文明观”,从而为自己的生活经验铺陈出一个完整的世界图式。作为一个探讨“文明”的历史民族志个案研究,基于对贵州黔中的一个屯堡村寨——九溪村的田野调查,本论文根据当地社会生活所呈现的礼俗特征,对两个相互关联的问题展开讨论:(1)受“礼乐文明”之影响,屯堡社区的社会文化呈现出了什么样的形态,表现出什么样的特质;(2)屯堡社区的社会历史与文化特质对我们以人类学的视角来认识“文明”这一概念有何意义。具体的考察研究从三条线索展开:首先,考察屯堡居民生产生活中的交往互动,及其所蕴涵的规范秩序与伦理道德。因为“约之以礼”的交换与继替正是礼俗社会的生成与维系之前提,而礼俗生活所强调的一面是“礼尚往来”,一面则是“莫重于祭”,换言之,横向的“内外之交”与纵向的“上下之继”构成了当地居民社会生活的经纬。所以通过呈现人们如何在人伦差序与继嗣等级中实现交换混融与继志承业,我将探讨在礼乐教化影响之下的乡野之民具有何种生活样式,并以此来理解礼俗实践所贯穿的“生生不息”的道德旨趣,对于当地“序”(等级差序)与“和”(混融和合)相依相存的社会形态之形塑意义。其次,探讨屯堡村寨礼俗生活中的时间节奏与空间观念。礼俗生活是建立在一套“有礼有节”的时空制度之上的充满节奏感的社会生活形态,而屯堡村寨中类型繁多的庙宇与节庆作为时空秩序的重要节点,则将各类生活经验与社会关系汇集于同一场景中,并通过一系列的礼俗活动将这些经验与关系深刻地展演出来。通过呈现当地各类庙宇的空间分布与礼仪庆典的时空关系,我将考察在一个兼顾“文野”的生活世界中,人们如何依托于种种具有等级差序意味的礼仪活动,展开一系列的区分与联合的交往互动,并以此来对当地“分而未裂、融而未合”的社会形态与“内外有别、上下通达”的文化格局之形成进行阐释。最后,分析屯堡村寨礼仪庆典中所反映的地方历程与历史感。礼仪庆典活动中的信仰、仪式与组织方式最为典型地展示了屯堡村寨礼俗生活的特质,这些公共性的仪式活动是围绕着当地所存在的两套地域崇拜体系而展开,它们反映了屯堡村寨在自身的历史进程中如何运用公共仪式中的种种符号与象征,动态地兼容科层制度与封建形态,从而生成和维系一个地方网络的过程。通过对地域崇拜中的神谱、庙系、神话传说与仪式戏剧进行全面地历史人类学考察,我将关注在信仰仪式中所蕴涵的人观、社会意识、历史记忆与道德宇宙观等问题,并揭示基层地方的文化形塑与大区域的文明体系之间的关联。通过以上三个层次的考察,本论文对屯堡村寨的社会生活进行了较为全面而深入地呈现与分析。基于当地礼俗生活所具有的“文质彬彬”的特征,围绕着礼仪活动中所表现出来的内外、上下、男女、文野之间的等级秩序和交换关系,本文对“礼乐文明”的社会意义与历史内涵进行了一番人类学的理解,并以此来探讨屯堡村寨的这种“文野相彰”的社会生活与“文质彬彬”的文化风貌,为人类学理解“文明”提供了何种理论上的契机与经验的启迪。对于以民族志的方法来研究大规模文明社会的人类学而言,本文的考察是一个有益的尝试,当然这些探索与讨论还有待进一步地细化与深入。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tunpu(garrison towns),as they’ve been called today,are the result of the historical process of imperial administration in Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty.The inhabitants in this special community were once frontier warriors who,along with their families,migrated from the eastern and central part of the Ming Empire to defend the corridor to Yunnan. Since territories of Guizhou were mostly occupied by minority people in the Ming Dynasty, most neighbors of the Tunpu frontier towns are minority villages in close contact with the Tunpu settlements.This interactive process epitomizes the imperial civilization project performed in China’s southwestern frontiers.And with the social and cultural transformation from Empire to nation-state,Tunpu ceased to be a constituent agency of the "empire",yet,until today,the inhabitants still retain part of the legacy formed in the constant interaction with imperial civilization projects.This dissertation offers an in-depth case study of the civilization process at Jiuxi,a Tunpu village community located in central Guizhou.It explores how this village imitated, reassigned and recreated a set of symbols and ideas from the cultural-political repertoire of "empire",and how distinctive ideas of civilization were historically and morally constituted at this local setting.Since the custom("su") of Tunpu communities is not a "primary" or spontaneous one,I propose a concept of "lisu"-custom("su") imbued with li(i.e., "Civilization",or "rites" in A.R.Radcliffe-Brown’s sense).Following this concept,this dissertation intends to accomplish the following three analytical tasks:(1) By tracing the interactions in the Tunpu people’s life and production,and order, ethics and morality embedded in the process,I intend to highlight inside and outside exchanges,and social life constituted by successive generations in Tunpu.I propose that morality and specific historicity of the social life of Tunpu people is imbued with "vitality".(2) By revealing the temporality and the sense of space of the Tunpu people,I try to explore how various temples and rituals/ceremonies formed special-temporal order and moral models,and what these order and models are.In addition,I investigate how Tunpu people understand and practice their cultural schema which on one hand emphasize the divisions such as inside and outside,high and low status etc.,and on the other hand peruse the integration of the division.(3) Aiming at the local knowledge and history of the Tunpu village,I further analyze the personhood,social consciousness,history/memory and moral cosmology at the local setting.By analyzing historically the pedigree of spirit,temple,myths,legends,and ritual opera,I explore the local process and its historicity in the rituals/ceremonies of Tunpu,as well as how the rituals/ceremonies constructed social nexus beyond individuals and villages.Focusing on these three issues,this dissertation addresses that the local lisu life contained a history of enlightenment and civilization.And with the hierarchy of inside/outside,high/low,male/female,civilized/savage etc,and the exchange relationship performed in the practice of li,this dissertation also makes an effort in understanding that the social and historical meaning of li,and believe the meaning is that in the Chinese social life,it is the practice and process of keeping between civilization and barbarism that integrate the society and even the whole world.And this case study is also a profitable attempt to the ethnographic research on large-scale civilized societies.更多还原