【作者】 赵东斌；

【导师】 周健；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 军事法学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 军人法律地位是指军人依法所享有的权利和承担的义务的综合表现。军人法律地位决定了军人在社会中所处的阶层位置,制约着军人的政治待遇和生活质量,影响到军队的吸引力、凝聚力和战斗力,关系着社会和谐、国家富强乃至长治久安。明确军人法律地位,即严格规范军人应尽职责,同时给予军人相应较高待遇,对于激励军人爱岗敬业、英勇善战,确保军队全面履行新世纪新阶段历史使命,对于在全社会形成爱国奉献、忧患尚武、团结奋斗的良好氛围,加快小康社会建设步伐和国家法治建设进程,都具有极其重要的意义。本文在阐释军人法律地位相关概念的基础上,从历史和比较法的视角,坚持辩证和实证分析法,研究了军人法律地位的含义和构成,比较系统地总结了我国历史以及外国古代和当前构建军人法律地位的主要做法、经验教训,着重分析了我国当代军人法律地位的文本规定、实然状态、存在问题及原因,对完善我国军人法律地位有关制度进行探讨并提出建议。全文分为五章。第一章阐述本文研究范围和主题。军人法律地位是军事法的构成要素和重要基石,是军队战斗力的重要组成部分,对完善军事法体系,增强军人荣誉感、责任心和能力素质,具有重要意义。军人法律地位由军人权利和军人义务构成,对二者关系的认识直接关系着军人权利、军人义务的具体规定以及军人社会地位的形成,最终影响到军人权利的有效维护和军人义务的切实履行。通过对军人权利与军人义务关系的全面分析,摒弃了“军人义务重心说”和“军人权利本位论”两种认识,提出军人权利与军人义务对应平衡关系说,指出,以牺牲生命为最高代价的军人义务具有不可补偿性,只有通过给予较多权利进行尽量平衡,才能体现公平、正义的现代法治理念。第二章进行我国军人法律地位的历史考察。通过分析我国古代主要朝代军人法律地位的变迁轨迹,指出,军人法律地位在历史上常常陷入高—低—高的怪圈,不断重复着同样的教训。还分析了中国共产党领导的人民军队建军至今军人法律地位的发展变化,指出,这支军队屡创奇迹的深层次原因就在于它的军人法律地位制度设计科学、合理、民主,不仅执行严格的“三大纪律八项注意”,明确了军人的义务和职责,更确立了“三大民主”(政治民主、经济民主、军事民主)的制度,使初中级军官和广大士兵的权益得到了根本的、平等的维护,切实做到了“上下同欲”、“官兵一致”,从而极大地激发了官兵众志成城、舍生忘死的战斗精神。历史证明,军人过高的法律地位,这在历史上出现的时间不长,如五代和清朝,会产生骄兵悍将,导致政权不断更迭或战斗力很快下降;军人过低的法律地位,这是承平日久、一个王朝中后期常发生的事,则会导致国家无力应对内忧外患,只能走向灭亡;军人恰当而较高的法律地位,才能激励一支军队争强好胜,保证一个政权长久稳固。第三章分析了外国军人法律地位的历史沿革和现今状况。比较历史上其他强国的兴衰,发现历史惊人的相似,是有规律可循的。军人法律地位高、较好地实现责权利相统一的军队,战斗力就强,反之,则弱,而且强弱总是在不断转化变换之中,这和人们对军人地位的认识特别是和平时期军人法律地位的构建有重要关系。现代许多国家汲取历史经验,更加注重用法制手段维护军人权利、明确军人职责,从而确保军人在社会上拥有较高的地位。一些国家在提高军人物质待遇、关注军人家庭生活、保障军人复转安置、完善军人权益救济等方面的做法,值得我们学习借鉴。第四章开展对我国当代军人法律地位的文本规定、实际状态的分析,对存在问题及其原因进行了归纳和探讨。从我国法律文本来看,当代军人在法律上具有较高的政治地位和经济地位,如在国家政治生活中享有相应的发言权、重要法律有“优待军人”的规定等。但随着社会的发展、经济体制的变更,特别是一些人对当今世界并不太平的客观形势认识不足,缺乏忧患意识,对军人的地位作用不能正确看待,加之相关法律法规或过于宽泛或不配套,导致许多优待军人的文本规定难以很好落实,在现实生活中产生了军人地位下降、适龄青年从军热情不高、军队吸引和保留人才比较困难等问题,制约了军队现代化建设进程,给国家安全和社会稳定留下了隐患。本文对我国当代军人法律地位构建中存在的问题特别是现实生活与法律规定之间的差距,从政治、经济、社会等方面进行了归纳、剖析,认为认识的偏差、制度的瑕疵以及军地的隔阂等都是造成这种情况的重要原因。第五章探讨了我国当代军人法律地位的基本定位和制度完善。该部分以历史和比较法研究成果为借鉴、参考,以实证分析结论为根据、条件,对我国军人法律地位的基本定位进行了厘清,认为要达成并强化“军人是着军装的公民”、“军人是履行特殊使命的公务员”的共识,为进一步明确军人权利、军人义务奠定思想理论基础。提出了制定“军人地位法”的构想,分析了立法的必要性和重要原则。对构建军人法律地位特别是重构军人权利制度体系进行了思考和设计,认为要坚持权利义务对应平衡理念,健全维护军人政治地位法规,调整提高军人物质待遇法规,创新保障军人社会和文化权益法规,努力形成具有我国、我军特色,符合世界法治文明发展趋势,确保军威长盛、国泰民安,科学先进的军人权利义务法律体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Legal status of servicemen is shaped by the rights and duties born by servicemen according to the law.It influences the social status of servicemen,political status and standard of living.It affects the attractiveness and combat capabilities of armed forces.It also influences social harmony,wellbeing,peace and stability of a country.Nail down the legal status of servicemen,standardize obligation of them and,at the same time,give them better welfare are very important to inspire their line of duty,heroism and carrying out the historical mission in new era.It also has positive significance in constructing well-to-do society and forming atmosphere of dedication,warrior and solidarity.By explaining academic bases of legal status of servicemen and using methods of dialectic and demonstration,the dissertation studies the definition of legal status in history and comparative law of view, summarizes the successful experiences and failures in history and present in constructing legal status of servicemen and analyzes enacted law, realistic station,the problems and reasons of legal status of our servicemen in modern time and giving some suggestions.There are 5 parts in this paper.In the first part,bounds and issue of the paper are defined.Legal status of servicemen is an element of military law and a part of battle effectiveness.It is very important in perfecting the system of military law, building up honor sense,responsibility and ability.Rights and duties constitute legal status of a serviceman.The awareness of the relationship of rights and duties is very important to regulate them,and then,influences the protection of rights and performance of duties of servicemen.By analyzing this relationship,we know that the duties and rights of a serviceman should keep in equilibrium better than duties central or rights central theory.And also point out that in peacetime,sacrificing life,regards as the most sacrificial form of duties,can’t be compensated,so only offering more rights to balance them,the idea of modern law,fairness and justice can be embodied.The second part investigates the history of legal status of servicemen. We can find a strange phenomenon by analyzing the alternate orbit of the legal status of servicemen in different dynasties of ancient China.That is, there exists a strange circle concerning the legal status of the servicemen,a circle of high-low-high,and the same story repeated again and again. Meanwhile,this part analyses the legal status of servicemen from the founding of Chinese People’s Liberation Army to the beginning of the reform and opening-up policy,pointing out that the fundamental reason for this armed forces to win time and again lies in the science,reasonableness and democracy of the system of the legal status of servicemen.It contains not only the strict "Three disciplines,eight attentions",which defines the duty and obligation of each servicemen,but also the "Three democracies" (political democracy,economic democracy and military democracy), which serves the basic interests of junior/mid-level officers and soldiers, and reaching the goal of "superiors and subordinates are of one mind", "unity between officers and soldiers",thus,it prompts the militancy disregarding their lives between officers and soldiers.History shows that too high status of a servicemen,such as existed in "five dynasties" and Qing dynasty,would stimulate the appearance of pride warriors and ferocious commanders,and to be worse overthrowing the thrones;on the other hand,an over-low status of servicemen would bring about long period of peace,however,it would also bring about the weakness of dealing with both the domestic disorder and foreign invasion,the regime would die out. In conclusion,only proper legal status of servicemen can arouse the force to fight and guarantee a long-lasting stable political power.The third part analyses the history and the current situation of foreign servicemen’s legal status.Comparing the ups and downs of other big powers in history,the paper finds out astonishing similarities and rules.The combat capability of an army is mighty in countries whose servicemen’s legal status is high and their duties,power and rights are consolidated,vise versa.Moreover,the strengths and weakness are always convertible, depending on people’s knowledge of legal status of servicemen and especially on the construction of legal status of servicemen during peacetime.Drawing lessons from the history,many modern states vindicate the rights of servicemen and clarify their duties in legislation,so as to insured the upper position of servicemen in society.Therefore,PLA could learn a lots in improving the benefits of servicemen,paying attentions to their family,securing re-employment of veterans,perfecting their relief channels and so on from other armed forces.After that,the dissertation analyses the current legal status of PLA servicemen by studying the text provision and current situation,induce and investigate existing problems,and offer suggestions.In China,servicemen enjoy a higher political and economic status and have a voice in political arena,some important laws stipulate "a special treatment to servicemen" However,because of development of the society,transition of the economic system,especially some people’s insufficient recognition of the disequilibrium of the world and lack of vigilance against potential threats, some persons can’t give a correct perception on the status of PLA servicemen.Relevant legislations are far from perfect.All these lead to many text provisions of "give special treatment to servicemen" fail to keep pace with time,and implemented hardly,actual social status of servicemen are declining,of right age staff have little enthusiasm to join the army, attracting and keeping talents are difficult for the army.All of these restricted the modernization process of the PLA,brought serious potential trouble to national security and social stability.This part induces and analyzes the problems of construction in our modern legal status of servicemen,especially the gap between real status and legal provisions in aspects of politics,economy,society,cultures and so on.It leads to the conclusion that deviations in ideological cognition,flaws in institutions and estrangement between military and civilian are all important causes leading to situations above mentioned.At last,the author discusses the theoretic base,essential position and institution amelioration of our legal status of servicemen.Based on the production of history and comparison of and the analysis of demonstration, the conclusion of the paper analyzes the theoretic precondition of our legal status of servicemen.The paper expatiates that the innovative theory of CCP especially the Scientific Outlook on Development,disciplinarian of military construction,the developmental current of modern legal civilization and theory of international relation have directive significance and referenced worthiness.The paper defines the position of legal status of servicemen,emphasizes that the servicemen are citizen dressed in uniform and servicemen are special civil servants,establishes the idealistic basis about the rights and the duties of servicemen,designs the system of the legal status of servicemen especially the system of rights of servicemen. The paper insists that the rights and the duties should be balanced,the laws about vindicating the political status of servicemen should be supplemented, the laws about increasing the salary of servicemen should be adjusted,the laws about the social guarantee and allocation after quitting from the army of servicemen should be innovated,the laws about the cultural right of servicemen should be ameliorated.The paper advocates a legal system should be formed,which bears national characters,in accord with the developmental trend of legal civilization of the world and ensures mightiness of army,richness of nation and security of people.更多还原