【作者】 曹辉；

【导师】 陈平留；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 森林经理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 森林景观资源是一种特殊的森林资源,是森林公园与森林旅游业的主要经营对象和可持续发展的物质基础,对森林景观资源进行科学的管理是森林公园和森林旅游业提高经营水平的必然需求。从森林景观领域的研究动态分析入手,通过文献综述,确定了研究的主题,阐明了森林景观资源价值及经营权评估研究的意义,并对研究的主要内容、主要创新之处和采用的主要技术路线进行了解释说明。对森林景观资源的相关概念进行了理论分析,界定了森林景观、森林景观资源等基本概念的范畴,归纳总结出森林景观资源的特点和森林景观资源的基本构成,并以福建省森林群落景观资源为例,将其划分为8个森林景观组和34个森林景观型的森林景观资源类型体系。阐明了GIS平台技术的特点及其对森林景观资源评价研究的重要意义,以福州国家森林公园为主要研究对象,通过GIS平台技术数据准备和卫星照片的空间数据处理,对研究对象的森林景观资源类型进行了划分,应用景观生态学理论对森林景观资源进行了景观生态质量评价。结果表明:研究对象的不同景观要素之间边界长度存在着较大的差异,阔叶林具有最长的边界,有1183.22 km;水域的边界长度最小,为50.34 km。各种景观类型的分维数都较大,阔叶林景观类型达1.726;水域分维数最小,为1.5148。研究对象的景观生态质量指数为3.9405,景观总体来说处于稳定状态,总体上受人为干扰强度相对较弱,局部区域干扰较大。景观生态质量指数可用于不同森林景观资源质量的比较与分析。通过马克思的劳动价值论、地租价值论与均衡价格论、边际效用价值论和生产要素论的理论比较,归纳出森林景观资源作为一种具有特殊性质的“自然物—商品综合体”的价值实质及价值的数学逻辑表达式,划分出森林景观资源的价值类型体系。森林景观资源价格具有独一性、非价值性、供给刚性和外部性等四个主要特点。分别对政策价值评价法、直接成本法、条件价值法(CVM法)和旅行费用法(TCM法)等主要的价值测算方法进行了内容分析与比较,运用阿尔奎特法、直接成本法、CVM法(创新性地引入可靠性检验)和TCM法等四种方法对福州国家森林公园的森林景观资源价值进行测算,结果分别为1879.24万元、21569.42万元、41713.00万元和45437.80万元。TCM法和CVM法可以作为森林景观资源价值测算的主要方法,其结果可以作为在当前经营水平下的森林景观资源价值评定的依据;直接成本法结果可以作为经营中的森林景观资源价值的补偿标准;阿尔奎特法结果可以作为尚未开发经营的森林景观资源价值的补偿价格。运用生态足迹理论与方法,对福州国家森林公园森林景观资源的旅游生态经济效率进行测算。结果表明:2006年福州国家森林公园森林景观资源的人均均衡旅游生态足迹0.010896hm~2,总的旅游生态足迹为1.1986×10~4hm~2,旅游生态足迹效率为240美元/hm~2,说明森林景观资源的旅游开发利用是一种生态占用较低、生态足迹效率也较低的方式。在产权理论研究的基础上,对森林景观资源的所有权性质进行了分析,认为森林景观资源所有权具有无价值性、垄断性、资产性、相对性、与国家行政管理权交叉、处置权缺失和担保物权和债权缺失等重要特点,归纳出森林景观资源的经营权实质,得到了森林景观资源经营权是由占有权、收益权、支配权、景区经营权、受许权、执行权、入股权、空间权、相邻权和知识产权等十项基本权利所构成的结论。在分析森林景观资源经营权价值构成和价值评估的目的与假设的基础上,分析确定了森林旅游行业的投资利率应在13.5%-14.5%之间;若不考虑通货膨胀因素,则在8.5%-9.5%之间。较为详细地阐述了森林景观资源经营权价值评估的重置成本法的基本原理、成本的范畴和测算公式。认为森林景观资源经营权现行市价法评估关键在于森林景观质量调整系数和物价指数调整系数的确定。运用层次熵分析技术研究出森林景观资源的经济地理指数模型,与森林景观质量指数综合而得森林景观质量调整系数。以福州国家森林公园为例,运用条件价值法对其森林景观资源经营权的价值进行了测算。结果表明:2009—2022年,经营权价值额为10651.04万元;2022年—2049年,价值额为4073.33万元,经营权价值总额为14724.37万元。对福清国家森林公园森林景观资源的经营权转让可行性进行案例分析,从项目背景及项目区域概况、项目区森林风景资源质量评价、项目经营现状调查及经营权转让的前景分析、项目经营权转让的效益分析、项目经营权转让的环境影响分析、项目经营权转让价格测算和项目转让相关支持保障措施等七个方面进行研究分析,福清灵石山国家森林公园森林景观资源经营权的公开有偿转让,总体上是有利的、可行的。经营权转让的方案选择有三种,建议采用第一次支付资源补偿费用,每年支付门票收益或经营收益的一定比例及相应的森林管护费用的方案。即第一次支付森林公园资源补偿费用200万元,年平均支付经营权转让金额115万元的方式;或者采用由少渐多、分阶段支付方式,即2005-2007年期间,年平均支付45万;2008-2014年,年平均支付75万元;2015-2024年,年平均支付155万元;2025-2044年,年平均支付250万元。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Forest Landscape Resources(FLR) was a kind of special forest resources. It was main object and material basis of sustainable development managed by Forest Park and Forest Tourism in china. It was necessary demand of scientific management for Forest Park and Forest tourism. Through domaninal dynamic analysis of the forest landscape, the first part of study confirmed the researchful theme and introduced the evaluation purport of value and management right about FLR. It also explained the main content, innovation and technique route of the study.It analyzed and defined the related conception of FLR at the second chapter of the study. Based on it, it induced the trait and basic constitutes of FLR. The article took the Fujian forest community landscape resources as exemple and divided it 8 forest lanscape group and 34 forest landscape type.The third part of the study explained the characteristic of GIS platform technology and it’s important meaning for the evaluation rearch of FLR. Through the data preparation on the GIS platform and spatial data processing of the satellite photo, the study classified the type of FLR at Fuzhou national forest park and appraised the it’s lsEQ( Landscape Ecological Quality) by the theory of landscape ecology. The result indicated that the borderline length existed biggish different between different landscape elements. The broadleaf forest had longest borderline which was 1183.22 km . The water field had shortest borderline which was 50.34 km. The fractal dimension of every landscape type were biggish. The fractal dimension of broadleaf forest landscape type achieved 1.726. The smallest was water field which achieved 1.5148. It meaned that every landscape type had the character of abnormity in shape and complexity in borderline. There was relatively regular in borderline at water field which had less human disturbance at Fuzhou national forest park. The lsEQ was 3.9405 at Fuzhou national forest park. It meaned that the general landscape ecological environment was in stable position, but human disturbance was relatively strong.Compared by the Marxian labor value theory, Marxian rent value theory, Theory of Equilibrium Price, Utility theory of value and Provductive factor theory, the study induced the essential value and mathematics expression of FLR as a kind of natural objects-commodity community complex. The research also made off the value type system of FLR. The author consider that the price of FLR had four main specialty such as personality, value-free, supply Rigidity and externality.The fifth part of the study analyzed and compared with several primary methods calculated value such as Policy value evaluation method, direct cost method, Contingent Value Method(CVM) and Travel Cost Method(TCM) etc. The author reckoned the value of FLR at Fuzhou national forest park by aforesaid four measures. The results were respectively 18.79 million RMB, 215.69 million RMB, 417.13 million RMB and 454.37million RMB. It thinked that Contingent Value Method(CVM) and Travel Cost Method(TCM) may be main means for counting the value of FLR. It’s results may be as the basis for evaluating FLR at currently management level. Simultaneously, The result by drect cost method may be as the compensating basis. The result by Alkwete method may be as the compensating price for non-operating FLR. Refered to ecological footprint theory, the study calculated the touristic eco-efficiency at Fuzhou national forest park. The results were 0.010896hm~2 of per capita TEF in 2006 year and the total were 1.1986×10~4hm~2. Traffic catering footprint occupied by the largest proportion, reaching 45% . The woodland, plantation and fossil land occupied respectively the share of 44.72%,34.32% and 15.7%. The eco-efficinecy of tourism was 240 dollar/ hm~2. It showed that the tourism of forest park was a touristic mode of low eco-occupied and eco-efficinecy.Based on the discussion of property right theory, the sixth of the article analyzed the ownership habitude of the FLR and thinked that the ownership had several peculiarity such as no-value, monopoly, capital, relativity, crossed with national administration management, lack of dispisition right, loss of security interest and creitor’s rights etc. Furthmore, the study induced the essence of management right of the FLR and got a conclusion which the management right of the FLR was made up of the right of possession, income right, eminent domain, scenic management right, executive power, stock right, space right, adjacent right and intellectual property.The study analyzed the value composing, the evaluation aim and evaluation assumption of the FLR’s management right and confirmed that the investment interest rate should be between 13.5% and 14.5% or 8.5% and 9.5% as if not considering inflation effect. The part narrated the basic princple of replacement cost method in detail,evaluating formula and the category of the cost. It was the key for current market method to confirm the FLR’s quality adjusting coefficient and prince index. Using by entropy technology and AHP, it got the index model of economic geography. Combined the model with forest landscape index would gain the FLR’s quality adjusting coefficient. The study measured the value of FLR’s management right by Contingent Value Method(CVM) at Fuzhou national forest park which’s profit was 106.51 million RMB between 2009 and 2022 and 40.73 million RMB between 2022 and 2049, the total 14724 million RMB.The eighth part of the study analyzed the case of FLR’s management right tranferring at Fuqing national forest park which was discussed by project background, regional FLR quality evaluating, the current investigating and foreground analysis of the project, the social and economical benefit analysis of management right tranferring. environmental impact analysis of management right tranferring, the price counting of management right tranferring and related safeguard measures of management right tranferring. It got the conclusion of Comprehensive appraising and tranferring feasibilty. There are three choices for tranferring method. The precept was adviced that the resources compensating fare was paid at first, then certain proportion of ticket income or management benefit and forestry protecting charge was paid every year. Namely, 2 million RMB as forest resources compensating fare at first and 1.15 million RMB annual fare was paid. Another plan was introduce that 0.45 million RMB between 2005 and 2007, 0.75 million RMB between 2008 and 2014, 1.15 million RMB between 2015 and 2024, 2.50 million RMB between 2025 and 2044 were paid at least every year.更多还原