【作者】 吕亚虎；

【导师】 王晖；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文从战国秦汉简帛文献资料入手,运用文化人类学、民俗学、文献学、历史学等学科的研究理论和方法,通过对出土简帛文献资料所反映的战国秦汉时期巫术的内容、仪式、方法、用物等的纵向历史考察和横向剖面分析,力求揭示此一时期中国巫术发展的时代背景、主要特点及其对后世民生习俗所产生的深远影响。本文主要由以下七个部分组成:第一部分,绪论。主要就本文的选题意义、研究现状、研究目的和方法以及与本文相关的概念等问题作了交代。首先,笔者阐明了本文选题的意义,即从出土简帛文献资料入手研究战国秦汉时期的巫术信仰,以弥补以往学术界因传统文献史料记载不足而对这一时期中国巫术发展情况研究不够深入的现状;其次,从巫术的研究概况及出土文献资料所见巫术内容的研究概况两个方面回顾了前贤的研究成果,并简单介绍了本文所涉及的简帛文献资料,进而论及本文的研究目地、理论依据和主要方法;最后,就学术界对巫术、禁忌的概念以及二者间的关系进行考察和分析,指出本文所要讨论的巫术是从广义巫术,即包括基于交感原理之上的禁忌信仰在内的角度来展开的。第二部分,战国秦汉简帛文献所见巫术内容研究。这是本文的核心部分,由三个小节组成。首先,在对出土简帛文献资料所反映的有关嫁娶生葬等民事活动中的巫术性资料作介绍的同时,对其中的嫁娶宜忌、两性交合宜忌、丧葬宜忌以及祈生孕育(尤其是胎孕求男、藏胞与妇婴保健)等巫术文化事象作了历史考察和深入分析,并对这些巫术信仰的文化背景和习俗原理以及其对后世民俗信仰所产生的深远影响进行了探讨;其次,对时人有关出行归往的宜忌原理和出行归往中的巫术活动做了分析;最后,探讨了时人对于疾病炎异、梦幻休咎、农事宜忌等的信仰观以及基于此而产生的各种禁忌信仰和巫术方法。除此之外,笔者在对简帛文献所见巫术内容进行具体分析时,还对基于阴阳五行学说之上的各种行事宜忌和巫术活动的原理做了初步探析。第三部分,战国秦汉简帛文献所见巫术仪式研究。笔者通过对巫术活动中施术者的形体仪式(如画地、被发、禹步以及形体禁忌行为——勿顾等)、口头仪式(如咒语、唾、皋等)以及巫符的使用等的考察,对巫术活动中的各种巫术仪式以及其所依据的信仰背景做了分析,探讨了此一时期巫术活动中已存在的巫术仪式对后世巫道术士的巫术性活动所产生的深远影响。第四部分,战国秦汉简帛文献所见巫术方法研究。笔者运用简帛资料、传统文献资料以及民族志、民俗学等资料,借助前贤的研究成果,从顺势律、触染律和反抗律等法则入手,考察了这一时期各种巫术活动所运用的巫术方法及其各自的操作原理。第五部分,战国秦汉简帛文献所见巫术用物研究。笔者从植物类、动物类、矿物类以及日常祭、用品类巫术用物的角度入手,对这一时期巫术活动中所见巫术用物及其各自所具神秘灵力的信仰背景进行了考察,在此基础上就巫术用物对后世民俗文化及其民俗心理所产生的影响作了深入的剖析。第六部分,战国秦汉简帛文献所见其他巫术事象研究。这一部分涉及两个内容,一是对简帛文献所见施术者在具体的巫术活动中对时日、地点、方位的选择以及其所依据的信仰背景的分析;二是对具有“模式数字”性质的数字“七”在巫术活动中的大量运用及其信仰背景的考察。前者与古人基于阴阳五行学说而形成的天人感应式的宇宙观以及对神秘力量的崇拜有关。后者的产生是人类出于对宇宙空间、宇宙天体的运行规律及其与人体生命节律的感应关系的认识和崇信。第七部分,结语。这一部分旨在综上所述,予以总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 This text bases on the excavated bamboo and silk manuscripts, the author integrates many theories and methods of cultural anthropology, folklore, philology, history etc. The author inquiries into the witchcraft belief of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States, analyzes its contents, rites, means, materials etc, tries to announce to public its background, main characteristics and the profound influence for future generations. This text is mainly constituted by the following seven parts.The first part is introduction. The author clarifies the meaning of study, present study condition, purpose and method of study and related concept. First, the excavated bamboo and silk manuscripts are combined to research the witchcraft faith of the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States, in order to makes up the insufficiency of present research . Second, the author tries to look back the research results of witchcraft and witchcraft contents of bamboo and silk manuscripts. Then the author introduces the bamboo and silk manuscripts of this text and the purpose, theories and the main methods of study briefly. Finally, the author investigates and analyzes the concept of the witchcraft, taboo and the relation of them from the academic angle, points out the witchcraft of this text is set out from the broad sense angle, it includes the taboo belief based on the sympathesis principle.The second part is the study of witchcrafts contents of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States. This part is the core part of this text, constituted by three sections. First, the author introduces the relevant civil case activity that founded in excavated bamboo and silk manuscripts, for example, marriage, breeding, funeral activities etc.There are many suitable and taboo activities above-mentioned, the author analyzes them thoroughly, inquiries into their cultural background and custom principle and profound influence. Second, the author analyzes the principle of suitable and taboo activities when people going out or on their way home in the ancient times. Finally, the author investigates the people’s belief and activity when in disease and disaster and fantasy. In addition, the author also analyzes various suitable and taboo activities and witchcraft belief principle based on the Yin-Yang and Five-element theory.The third part is the analysis for witchcraft rites of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States .The author investigates the body rites, oral commu-nication rites and the using of the witchcraft curse , analyzes the various witchcraft rites and its background, try to exploring its profound influence.The fourth part is the study of witchcraft methods founded of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States. The author makes use of excavated bamboo and silk manuscripts, traditional literature, ethnography, folklore etc, asks for the help of the past people’s research result,discusses various witchcraft methods and the belief principle respectively.The fifth part is the analyse for the materials used in the witchcraft activity of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States. Plants, animals, mineral, sacrificial offering and supplies are all the things used in witchcraft activity in this period, the author inquiries into these materials and their background, makes further analysis for their influence.The sixth part is other researches of witchcraft events of the bamboo and silk manuscripts in the Period of Qin-Han and Warring States. First, the author analyzes people’s magic trick, try to understand their choice to time, spot, orientate and the its belief principle. Second, investigates the using of the special number-7 in the witchcraft activity and its belief principle. The former relate to the cosmism and adoration to the mysterious nature strength in ancient times, it is based on the Yin-Yang and Five-element theory. The creation of the latter originates the understanding and belief to cosmic space, motion laws of the celestial bodies and the relation of interaction between cosmos and people.The seventh part is the conclusion for the full text. According to the above treatise, to do finally summary.更多还原