山西汾涑流域历史水文地理研究

【作者】 吴朋飞；

【导师】 侯甬坚；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 历史水文地理学是历史自然地理学的一个重要分支学科。自20世纪90年代初明确提出这一分支学科以来,距今已将近20年。但其进展一直缓慢,显然有加强之必要。究其原因,主要在于历史水文资料难于收集和把握;学科研究对象、研究内容不甚明确,长期以来多以河湖变迁或水系变迁为其研究对象,严重制约了学科发展。基于此,文章对相关理论进行了重新阐述,认为最理想的研究对象应为流域;研究内容上,目前至少应主要体现在历史水系研究、历史水文研究、历史水环境研究、历史水文地图研究等诸方面。水系变迁和水资源环境研究是历史水文地理研究的重心所在,其既符合学术传统又适应当前学术潮流。文章选取山西境内黄河一级支流汾河、涑水河两大流域进行研究,无疑具有典型意义。水资源环境成为目前困扰人类生存的一大禁锢。人们关注现实,寻求历史解释,是学术研究的终极所在。如此,历史水环境研究成为史学研究的热点之一。论文上编以汾河流域为例,对其水资源环境状况进行考察。文章运用以往学者所采取的评价指标,从汾河水系的发育状况;汾河渡口、桥梁的设置;引水灌田状况:水力加工业的兴衰;水稻、鱼类资源的丰赡程度等方面间接判断汾河水量;通过汾河航运能力的再考察直接判断汾河水量大小。另外,还对汾河支流晋水水资源状况进行细微个案考察。研究结果表明,宋以来汾河流域的水环境状况良好,仍能极大限度地满足人们的各种生活需要。因此,以往一些预设的结论性词语如“水资源匮乏”等用于描述明清水环境状况,值得商榷和进一步探讨。论文下编以涑水河流域为例,是历史水文地理学在具体区域的实践运用。研究人类活动所引起的环境变化,这是由历史地理学(包括历史水文地理)学科属性所决定的。流域内涑水河、姚暹渠等主要河流,均系历史上为保护“盐池”而人工改道的河流,环境变化特征明显。文章主要对涑水河流域河湖状况、河流水文特征、水灾害和环境影响诸方面进行了探讨。重点将涑水河的历次改道情况、支流水系,姚暹渠的变迁,五姓湖的变迁进行详细论证,基本上将河湖状况研究清楚。流域环境问题同样值得关注,明清以来涑水河流域出现环境变化。文章对全流域环境状况进行了复原描述,并对环境影响的驱动因子及区域响应措施进行了探讨。最后认为,总体上涑水河流域水文环境仍良好,诸多证据显示流域水环境仍能满足生活诸方面需要。流域环境变化主要由河道特征决定的,为保护盐池数次人工改道,决定了环境变化具有区域特殊性。从保护盐池角度而言,环境变化是利大于弊的。区域水文环境总体评价是个复杂性问题,值得进一步探索。历史水文地理学的理论和实践,都需要进一步加强。文章对汾涑流域历史水文地理相关问题的复原研究,究竟是不是历史的客观性、真实性,或者说距离历史事实有多远,需要时间来检验。不过,只有试图客观地、尽可能如实地对往日的汾涑流域水环境状况进行复原,才能进一步接近事实,才有可能弄清事实真相。更多还原

【Abstract】 The history hydrogeography is an important branch of history physical geography.It have been nearly 20 years since the beginning of 90’s in 20 centuries when the history hydrogeography was definitely put forward as an academics.But its progress always slow-moving, obviously its necessary to strengthen this kind of research. Investigate its reason, mainly lie in the history hydrology data difficult to collect,the research object and contents isn’t explicit. For a long time people just study on the river-lake and water system being in a flux,its serious check the developing of the history hydrogeography .According to this, the article carried on re-elaborating to the related theories, thinking the most ideal research object should be basin;on the contents aspect, we should at least mainly study on the research of history water system,history hydrology,history water environment and history hydrology map painting etc.Water system change and water environment research are center of history hydrogeography , it not only match an academic tradition but also adapt present academic current.Its having typical meaning to select Fen river and Su river—one class subsidiary current of Yellow river in shanxi province.Water resource environment becomes one big perplexing durance for human being currently.People pay attention to reality, looking for history to explain.Thus, the history water resource environment research becomes a hotspot of historiography.The former part of this thesis investigates the water resources condition of Fen River area. By using the evaluation index adopted by some scholars, this paper estimated the water quantity indirectly by the development condition of Fen River, the setup of Fen River ferries and bridges, the condition of irrigation, the flourish and decline of irrigation works, the abundant degree of rice and fish resources, and directly estimated the water quantity by investigating the shipping ability of Fen River again. In addition, this article researched the water resources environment of Jin River, which is the branch of Fen River. It concludes that the water condition has been good and enough to people’s various life need to a large degree from Song Dynasty to now. Therefore, some former pre-established conclusion phrases, such as" short water resources "used to describe the water resources condition, should be discussed again.The second part of this thesis takes Su Rive area as an example, which practiced the theory of Historical Hydrogeography in concrete area. Studying environment variety caused by mankind activity was decided by academic attributes of Historical Geography (including Historical Hydrogeography). Such main rivers as Su River and Yaoxian River are all the rivers whose courses were changed artificially in order to protecting Salt Pond and with obvious characteristic of environment-changing in history.This paper mainly discusses the rivers’ status, the rivers’ hydrological characteristics, the flood disasters and the environment influence. It puts some emphases on reasoning the course-changing every time, the branch, the change of Yaoxian Dike and Wuxing Lake in detail and makes rivers and lakes condition clear. The environment problems in that Basin is worthy of attention and its environment has changed form Ming and Qing dynasties to now. This thesis restores the environment condition of the whole Basin in describing, and discusses some factors influencing the environment and some measures to them. This article points it out that hydrological condition is still good totally in Su River Basin and many evidences show that water condition in that Basin can still fulfill people’s life need. The environment variety in Basin was resulted from riverway characteristic, and some artificial course-changing for protecting Salt Pond caused the particularity. From the aspect of protecting Salt Pond, changing environment is more advantageous. The total evaluation of regional Hydrology environment is complex and deserving further investigation.The research on theories and practices of historical hydrogeography needs to be strengthened further. Whether it was objective and true or not, such restoring study on some historical hydrology problems around Fen and Su Basins could be tested in developing. However, it is obvious that people can know the truth only by trying to restitute the past water environment of Fen and Su Basins objectively and possibly.更多还原