湘语辰溆片语音研究

【作者】 瞿建慧；

【导师】 邢向东；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 汉语言文字， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 湘语辰溆片地区位于湖南的西部,沅水中游,包括隶属湘西土家族苗族自治州的泸溪县、隶属怀化市的辰溪县和溆浦县。这三县处于西南官话、湘语和赣语的过渡地带,各方言之间相互接触相互影响,语言的混合色彩比较明显,一县之内的各个乡镇方言往往存在较大的分歧。长期以来,人们对这三县方言的归属问题看法不一。本文选择湘语辰溆片24个方言进行了全面深入的考察,力求展现湘语辰溆片语音的整体面貌,揭示其共同的语音特征和内部差异。对一些重要的语言现象进行横向的比较和纵向的观照,分析这些现象形成的原因,探寻语音演变的规律和方向,并在理论上作力所能及的探索。通过湘语辰溆片与周边方言的比较,捕捉湘语与官话、赣语接触后发生的种种语音变化,分析、梳理方言之间接触和融合情况的具体表现形式,探寻方言接触、融合的方式与规律。通过辰溆片语音特点的整理和归纳,找出该片独立成片的语言依据,确定湘语辰溆片的地域范围。全文共分六章:第一章简要介绍了湘语辰溆片的地理环境、历史沿革和语言概况,对20世纪以来湘语辰溆片方言研究状况做了简要述评;同时还介绍了本文的研究内容、方法、价值以及方言代表点和发音合作人的情况。第二章描写了湘语辰溆片24个方言点的音系。第三章介绍了中古声韵调在湘语辰溆片的今读情况。第四章考察了湘语辰溆片声母、韵母、声调的历史演变。重要的语音演变有:古全浊声母的演变;知庄章组声母的演变;精庄组声母对韵母的影响;果假摄韵母主要元音的高化;“支微入鱼”与“鱼入支微”现象;蟹咸山摄一二等韵的分混;流摄字与通摄舒声字韵母的混同,异调变韵的类型及原因。主要的观点有:庄组声母可以引起介音[u]的脱落。精组声母可以引起介音[u]的滋生。武溪、潭溪话知三章组声母读[t(?)]组音是回头演变。果摄韵母主要元音的高化并不一定需要假摄字的推力。湘语辰溆片止摄合口三等韵曾与遇摄合口三等韵合流读[~*yi]。流摄字与通摄舒声字韵母合流的原因是两者只有韵尾的区别,而这两个韵尾发音部位非常接近。异调变韵形成的原因是:高调音强较强引起元音的强化,以保持音节强度的和谐;曲折调音长较长引起元音的滋生、舌位的降低和韵尾的改变。第五章从方言地理学的角度介绍湘语辰溆片与西南官话、赣语的接触性音变。考察的结论是:官话主要是从西向东逐步对辰溆片施加影响,南部和北部的官话对湘语辰溆片的影响不大。无论是从影响的地理范围,还是从影响的音类数量来看,赣语对湘语辰溆片的影响力远远不及官话。根据湘语辰溆片假摄文读的情况,提出方言之间的语音借贷方式可分为规则借贷与音值借贷。音值借贷有等值借贷、相似借贷、对应借贷等三种形式。第六章通过辰溆片语音特点的整理和归纳,找出该片方言独立成片的依据,确定湘语辰溆片的地域范围。湘语辰溆片古全浊声母平声字今逢塞音、塞擦音时读不送气浊音,仄声字清化,入声字大多读送气清音,这个区别性特征是辰溆片独立成片的依据。从与周边方言的比较来看,湘语辰溆片语音面貌与娄绍片最为接近,而与相邻的赣语洞绥片相差较大。由此可见:湘语辰溆片原与湘语娄绍片连成一片,后来江西移民带来的赣语像楔子一样钉在它和娄绍片的中间,从此与娄绍片相隔开来。湘语辰溆片属于萎缩性方言片,湘语特征在不断地丧失,部分方言已成为西南官话和赣语。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Chenxu cluster in Xiang group lies in the west of Hunan,Yuanshui midstream,including membership of Luxi County attached to Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous regions,Chenxi County and Xupu County attached to Huaihua city.These three counties are in the transition zone of southwestern Mandarin,Xiang group and Gan group which are in the state of mutual contact and influence,so the mixod-color of language is obvious,and the township dialects in a county often have great differences.For long time,people have different ideas on ascriptional problem of these three counties’dialects.This paper selects 24 dialects of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group and goes into comprehensive and deep investigation in order to show the whole phonetic visage and reveal their commom phonetic features and internal differences.Based on horizontal comparison and vertical care for some important linguistic phenomenon,it construes the causes of these phenomena and explores the transition rule and direction of phonetical evolvement,moreover it tries to do some exploration in theories.From comparison between Chenxu cluster in Xiang group and peripheral dialects,the papercatcbes sound changes after Xiang group contacts with Mandarin and Gan group,analyses and cardings the specific forms of contacts and crasises between dialects,and explores the mode and rule of them.Through reorganization and induction of the Chenxu cluster’s sound features,it finds out language basis of this cluster,then determines the region scope of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group.The full text is divided into six chapters:Chapter One briefly produces geographical environment,historical origin and development, language general situation of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group,and gives a brief comment on dialectology situation of the cluster since the 20th Century;at the same time it also introduces the book’s research contents,method,value as well as representative points of dialect and pronunciation partner of this paper.Chapter Two describes phonological system of 24 dialects of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group.Chapter Three compares phonological system of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group and mediaeval phonological system.Chapter Four investigates the history evolvements for initial,core,tone of ChenXu cluster in Xiang group.The important evolvements of sound:the archaic evolvements of the Voiced initials;the voice of evolvements of "Zhi-Zhang-Zhuang" group;the influence about the core from "Jing-Zhuang" group;the main sound changes of high front vowels about the core of Guo and Jia Division;the phenomena about "the mergence of the Zhi and Wei rhymes into the Yu rhyme","the mergence of the Yu rhyme into the Zhi and Wei rhymes";the apart and confuse of the Fist or Second Rims in the the Xie,Xian and Shan Divisions;the confuse about Tong division and Liu division,the types and reasons with the sound changes of the suffix and strange-toned.The main viewpoints:Zhuang group can cause the departure of medial[u].Jing group can cause the development of medial[u].The initial about Zhi-Zhuang-Zhang groups of Wuxi and Tanxi dialects can be read[t(?)]and this phenomena is called re-evolvement.The main sound changes of high front vowels about the core of Guo Division,which does not always need the force from the Jia division.The concourse about the third Grade Rims in the Zhi division of hetonese and the third Grade Rims in the Yu division of hetonese in ChenXu cluster in Xiang group,which can be read[*yi].The two cores:Liu and tong cores have concoursed and the reason is that the two cores only have the distinguish in consonant endings,and the articulation positions of the consonant ending are very close to each other.The sound changes of the suffix and strange-toned come into being,and this is because the higher of the high adjustment formula causes the stronger of the vowels,in order to keep the harmonization with the strength of the Syllabic.Becanse the length of the falling-rising tone can cause the developement of the vowels,low of the tongue and the change of the consonant ending.Chapter Five introduces contact sound changes of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group and Southwestern Mandarin,Gan group from the point of view of geographical linguistic.The study concludes that:Mandarin gradually exerts influence on Chenxu cluster mainly from west to east,and the southern and northern parts of the Mandarin have less influence on it.Whether from the geographical area of influence,or from the amount of the sound class,the influence of Gan group upon Chenxu cluster in Xiang group is far less than Mandarin.Based on literary pronunciation of Jia Division in Chenxu cluster,this paper divides mode of the sound on loan into rules and sound value on loan.Sound value on loan has three forms:equivalent on loan,similar on loan,and corresponding on loan.Chapter Six finds out the basis which becomes an independent one through reorganization and induction of the Chenxu cluster’s sound features,then determines the region scope of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group.The level-tone words of the voiced initials of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group which is read unaspirated sonant when it runs into stop and affricate,Zesheng words devoice,Rusheng words mostly read aspirated surd,this different characteristic is the basis of Chenxu cluster which becomes an independent one.Compared with peripheral dialects,phonetic visage of Chenxu cluster in Xiang group approaches with Loushao cluster,but it is very different from the near Dongsui cluster in Gan group.Thus it can be seen:Chenxu cluster in Xiang group originally had linked with Loushao cluster in Xiang group,afterwards Gan group which was brought by the the Jiangxi immigrant was nailed Like wedge between it and Loushao cluster,from this time on it is separated with Loushao cluster.Chenxu cluster in Xiang group belongs to withering dialect piece,the characteristic of the Xiang dialect is unceasingly losing,partial dialects have become Southwestern Mandarin and Gan group.更多还原