【作者】 杨明；

【导师】 林木西；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 政治经济学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 西方国家政府的经济职能经历了早期的强调政府干预到自由竞争,再到主张国家干预、反对干预的反复变化过程。早期的重商主义为了资本的原始积累倡导国家主义型政府,主张政府干预经济。而资本主义竞争时期的斯密、萨伊和马歇尔则反对政府干预微观经济,认为政府扮演好“守夜人”“消防队员”的角色即可,经济运行主要应该依靠微观经济主体自主的经济行为,政府所要做的就是不对这种自主经济行为产生影响。随着资本主义垄断的加剧与经济危机的爆发,以凯恩斯和萨缪尔森为代表的国家干预理论又占了上风,强调政府应通过宏观经济政策对国家经济进行积极的干预。到了20世纪70-90年代,由于“滞涨”的出现,国家干预理论再度被否定,货币主义、理性预期学派和供给学派继续强调经济的自由发展。可见,在资本主义发展的不同时期,政府扮演着不同的角色,但总的趋势是随着资本主义经济的发展,政府经济职能是在不断地变化。概括地说,政府的主要经济职能包括:资源配置、收入分配、管制和稳定。不过,稳定和收入分配属于中央政府的职能范围,而资源配置则主要属于地方政府的职能范围。至于管制职能,最好是由中央政府承担,地方政府可以作为中央政府的代理人履行管制职能。国内针对中央政府经济职能和地方政府经济职能的论述可谓成果丰富,但都承认随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立,政府职能转变势在必行。由于东北老工业基地落后的根本原因可以说是地方政府的体制性障碍,所以地方政府经济职能的转变对东北老工业基地实现全面振兴至关重要。通过对东北地方政府经济职能历史演进的考察,发现现阶段东北地方政府“越位”、“错位”与“缺位”现象仍然很严重,形成了东北老工业基地的落后局面。而导致地方政府职能转变困难的制度约束包括正式制度和非正式制度两个层面,正式制度约束包括:产权制度改革滞后、调整经济结构的制度供给不足、市场制度变迁缓慢、政府绩效评价机制不科学;非正式制度约束是臣民型行政文化。通过对中国几个成功的地方政府模式如“无为而治”、理性执政、服务型政府和强势政府模式的对比分析再结合东北的具体实际,认为目前东北的地方政府应采取管理服务型政府的过渡模式,发挥强势主导作用引导东北老工业基地的各经济主体来实现振兴。但强势政府不代表强权的政府,只有实现了地方政府经济职能的转变,全面振兴才能实现,而界定地方政府职能范围的原则是合理划分政府与市场的边界,建立有限而有效的政府。在政府经济职能界定原则的指导下,东北的地方政府经济职能应限定在促进区域内经济社会协调发展、优化地区经济结构、构建市场体系和提供公共物品等领域,来促进东北老工业基地的快速振兴。在协调区域内经济社会发展的过程中,地方政府首先要做到人口、资源与环境的可持续发展,这就要求在科学发展观的指引下,以人为本,坚持经济与环境、经济与社会的协调发展,在环境治理和社会保障体系建设方面提供相应的制度供给。另外,地方政府还要在完善区域协调发展机制方面进行制度创新,从而在政府制度层面为实现东北区域内经济与社会的协调发展提供保障。在优化地区经济结构的领域,地方政府应积极促进产业结构的调整:依靠高科技改造传统产业,走新型化工业道路;以信息化促进工业化;发挥农业产业优势,扩大延长产业链;发展高新技术产业,促进产业结构优化升级;加强相关产业合作,提高产业竞争力。积极促进所有制结构调整:加快产权制度改革,降低国有经济比重;促进民营外资经济发展,提高非国有经济比重。积极促进地区结构调整:加强省市间政府合作,制定开发与发展的总体规划;促进东北地区城市的跨行政区整合;以企业协作、联合的形式强化各城市经济联系。在构建市场体系的领域,地方政府应消除地方行政垄断,构建东北区域统一大市场;加快完善产权市场、资本市场、劳动力与人才市场建设。在提供公共物品的领域,地方政府应增强地方政府的服务职能,创新建设管理体制和财政制度,提高政府工作效率;以制度供给优化东北振兴的软环境,优化执法环境、规范政策环境、完善文化环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 Capitalist country’s government function has experienced the process repeatedly from the early emphasis on government intervention changing to the free competition, to supporting state intervention changing to objecting intervention. The early mercantilism for the capital primitive accumulation advocates the government intervention economy. But in the time of capitalism competition, Smith, Zaire and Marshall opposed that the government intervented microscopic economy because the government should act as the role of "the night watchman" and "the fireman". They thought the economical movement mainly should depend upon the microscopic economic subject independent economic activities and the government do not have any influence to the economy. Along with the capitalism monopoly’s aggravating and economic crisis’s frequent eruption, Keynes and Samiaoersen as the representative of state intervention theory stressed that the government should carry on the positive intervention through the macroeconomic policy to the state economy. In the 70-90 age of the 20th century for the appearance of "stagnates rises", the state intervention theory is denied once again, the monetarism, the rational anticipated school of thought and the supplies school of thought continue to emphasize the economical the free development. Obviously, in the different period of capitalism development, the government is playing the different role. But the tendency is along with the capitalist economy development, the government economic functions is expanding unceasingly. In a word, government’s major economic function includes: resources deployment, division of income, control and stable. However, the people thought that stable and the division of income belongs to Central authorities’ function scope, and the resources deployment mainly belongs to Local government’s function scope. As for control function should be carried out by the Central authorities better than local authority, but the Local government may take Central authorities’ agents to fulfill the control function.It is rich in the achievement of the Central authorities and the Local government economic functions’ studying, but everybody acknowledged that along with the socialist market economic system’s establishment, the transform of the government functions is imperative. But the basic reason of Northeast old Industrial base backward may be said that is Local government’s institutional barrier. So the Local government economic functions’ transformation is very important to the Northeast old Industrial base’s promotion.Through to the Northeast Local government function history evolution’s inspection, discovered that the present stage Northeast Local authority, the phenomenon of "the position", "the dislocation" and "the vacancy" was still very serious. It caused the Northeast old Industrial base backward. And the system restraint causes the difficulty of Local government function transform includs the official system and the unofficial system. The official system restraint includes: the equity system reform lag, the readjustment system of the economic structure supplies insufficiency, the market system vicissitude are slow, the government achievements appraisal mechanism is unscientific; The unofficial system restraint is the subject administration culture.Through "governs by non-interference", rational being in power, the ministrant government and the strong trend government pattern contrasting and analysing, pointed out that the Northeast old Industrial base the local government should adopt the strong trend government’s type to realize the promotion, but the premise is needs to guarantee government’s high achievements, and should establish the science the government achievements appraisal system. The strong trend government does not represent the might the government, only then the correct boundary decides Local government ’s function scope, the Northeast old Industrial base can realize the fast promotion under government’s leadership, but limits the government function scope the principle is the reasonable division government and the market boundary, establishes the limited government.Under government function difining principle, the Northeast Local government economic functions should be limited to promoting regional economy and society coordinated development, the readjustment of the economy structure, the constructing of market system and providing of public goods and so on aspects,for rapid economy development. Promoting regional economy and society coordinated development, the Local government must first achieve the population, the resources and the environment sustainable development. This requests under the scientific development concept direction, it is adhered to People-oriented, insistsed coordinated develop to the economy and the environment, the economy and society, provided the corresponding system supplies in the environment government and the social security system construction aspect. Moreover, the Local government must have the institutional innovation to perfect the region coordinated development machine. Then, it provides a safeguard in government system to realize the Northeast region economy and society coordinated development.In optimizes the local economic structure in the process, the Local government should promote the industrial structure adjustment positively: Depends upon the high tech transformation traditional industry, takes the new industrial road; Informationization promotion industrialization; Display agriculture industry superiority, expanded extension industry chain; Development high technology and new technology industry; promotion industrial structure optimization promotion; Strengthens the related industrial cooperation to enhance the industrial competitive power. The Local government should positively advance the system of ownership structural adjustment through accelerated property right organization reform, reduced the state economical proportion, promoted the private and foreign capital economic development, increased the non-state economical proportion. The Local government should positively enhance the area structural adjustment through strengthened between the provinces or cities governments cooperation, drawn up the overall development plan, promoted the Northeast area conformity, enhanced urbans economic relation by the enterprise cooperation and union.In constructing in market system’s process, the Local government should eliminate the local administration monopoly, constructs the Northeast region to unify the big market; Speeds up the consummation property right market, the capital market, the labor force and the human resources pool construction.In providing public goods, the local goverment should strengthen its service function, innovate management institution and financial system, improve the government service efficiency. The soft environment of the Northeast revitalization is constructed by the system supplies, the law improving enforcement environment, the standarding policy system, the perfecting cultural environment.更多还原