【作者】 李明忠；

【导师】 冯向东； 张晓明；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 高等教育学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 中国大学正处在一个要求知识创新的知识经济时代。面对现实中的大学制度未能有效地促进知识生产和知识创新这一问题,大学制度的反思与建构成为一种必然的现实选择。作为相应的理论回应,基于高深知识的大学制度安排正是在这一时代背景中展开的。大学制度合法存在的内在机制是现代大学制度创新的关键所在。本研究以大学制度未能有效地促进知识生产和知识创新背后的深层根源可以追溯到权力因素这一假设作为问题的出发点,按照理论分析、历史梳理和原因解释,通过深入剖析知识与权力之间发生联系的作用机制,揭示了大学制度得以存在的内在根源。在对大学制度存在机制进行批判性反思的基础上,提出了有效建构现代大学制度的合理路径。大学作为从事高深知识的主要机构,是高度分化社会系统中的一个场域类型,即知识场域。由于高深知识这一文化资本所具有的双重价值属性使大学成为一个利益争夺和权力冲突的场域。根据权力发挥作用时所依据的资本类型,对大学产生影响的权力主要有三种:政治权力(资本是暴力,主体是政府)、经济权力(资本是金钱,主体是市场)和学术权力(资本是知识,主体是大学)。由于对不同知识价值的诉求,三种权力主体通过大学制度这一制度化媒介发生互动,从而把大学制度的安排化约为三种权力之间力量对比在制度上的呈现,使大学制度的主要特征体现为“知识—权力”的联结,表现出权力规训作用。大学制度的历史发展轨迹表明,大学与政府、市场三者之间力量的对比深刻影响着大学制度的价值选择与变革方向,大学制度是历史的、具体的,不是一成不变、一劳永逸的。大学制度不是一种理想设计,而是一种现实的选择,是三种权力主体相互博弈和妥协的结果。对利益和资源的追求是三种权力主体发生互动的内在根源。一方面,学术与政治的结合是大学与政府发生权力博弈的作用机制。随着社会治理的复杂化与民主化,政府日益寻求知识力量的援助,“政治的科学化”成为一种运动;同时,大学以高深知识所形成的专业权威日益成为社会治理中的一股重要力量,知识理性的政治追寻成为现实,从而提供了学术与政治结合的契机,大学与政府之间的博弈开始存在。大学把专业知识权威作为一种工具性的政治力量,或与政府合谋,或依附于政府成为其统治的工具,在为政府的合法性进行辩护的同时不断谋求社会利益。另一方面,“知识就是财富”是大学与市场产生知识联盟的作用机制。在知识经济时代,知识的作用更加突出,面对大学缺乏办学资源、市场亟需知识与技术这一现状,通过知识资本化来获取交换价值,满足双方的不同需求,大学与市场之间的知识联盟的由此产生。其中,市场扮演成大学组织运行逻辑的臣服者,把自己的经济逻辑置换成知识生产的逻辑,从而合法地干预知识生产;与此同时,大学主动调整自己的知识活动规则,以适应市场需求,大学与市场达成了一种同谋关系。中国大学及其制度安排是在现代化进程中展开的。中国大学制度在形成和发展中深受国家主义教育观的影响,体现出独特的中国大学制度景象。一方面,受后发追赶型现代化进程的影响,中国大学自诞生之日起,就作为政府改革的工具而与国家利益紧密联系在一起;另一方面,中国一直有实用主义的知识传统,学术精神不彰、学术力量薄弱、学术依附于政治的现实,使大学与政府之间存在着力量不平衡,从而使大学制度体现出社会本位甚至是国家本位,脱离了赖以生存的知识逻辑。大学制度作为“知识—权力”的联结,体现为不同权力之间的力量对比,背后反映的则是不同知识价值观的追求。从大学制度现实存在的根源和机制来看,大学制度的安排应该以有利于知识生产和知识创新为目的,关键则是三种权力之间实现动态的张力平衡。具体到中国现代大学制度的有效建构,除了要培育为知识而知识的学术精神,还需要弥补制度上的缺陷。为此,一方面,需要确立大学的独立自主的主体性地位,通过培育学术独立精神、提高学术研究水平来加强知识权威的理性力量;另一方面,创建良好的社会制度环境,政府积极进行自身改革,充分赋予大学办学自主权的同时,又要培育市场力量、强化市场竞争机制作用的发挥。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese university is in the era of knowledge economy with the requirement of knowledge innovation now. In the face of the reality of the university system can not effectively promote knowledge production and knowledge innovation, so it is an inevitably realistic choice to construct modern university system. As the appropriate response to the theory, based on advanced knowledge of the university system in this arrangement is carried out in the background.The key factor of modern university system is the internal mechanisms and the root on the legal existence of modern university system innovation. In this study, the starting point of this question is the assumption that the deep-seated reasons that the existing university system could not effectively promote knowledge innovation and knowledge production of behind can be traced back to the power factor. According to theory analysis, history organization and reasons explaination, by an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of interaction between knowledge and power, reveal the underlying root on the legitimate existence of university system. On the basis of critical reflection on the legal existing of university system, there is a reasonable path of an effective construction of modern university system.University is the main places engaging in an advanced knowledge, and the double value of the advanced knowledge makes university as a competing scene interests and power. According to the type of capital of playing the power role, there are three major forces: political power (the main is government, the capital is violence) , economic power (the main is market, capital is money) and the knowledge power (the main is University, capital is knowledge) The main of three powers take place the media interaction through the university institution, so the university institution is the balance between knowledge and power on the base of system, the university system is to reflect the association on the characteristics of the "knowledge-power".In the formation and evolution of university system, through historical analysis of the relationship between universities, government, and the market. It argues that the balance of power between the government, the market and the university of an impact deeply on choice and change of university system. University system is not an ideal design, but a realistic option, is the main power in three games with each other and the result of a compromise.To the interests and resources to pursue is the main underlying causes of the interaction of three powers. On the one hand, the integration of academy and politic is the mechanism of the game. With the complexity of social governance and democratization, increasing the power of knowledge to seek assistance, the political and scientific as a movement; at the same time, universities in order to form a advanced knowledge of the professional authority of the increasingly become an important treatment in the strength, knowledge of the rational pursuit of political reality, which provides a combination of academic and political opportunity, universities and the government of the existence of the beginning of the game. University expertise to the authority as a tool of political power or collusion with the government, or dependent on the government to become a tool of its rule, in order to defend the legitimacy of the government while continuing to seek the community’s interests.On the other hand, "knowledge is wealth" is the mechanism of the union between of university and market. In the era of knowledge economy, in the face of the university of the lack of educational resources, the need of market knowledge and technology that the status quo, through the knowledge of capital to obtain the value of the exchange, the two sides to meet the different needs of the market between the university and market. Among them, the market play into the university of organizations submit to the logic of running, his replacement as the economic logic of the logic of knowledge production in order to legally intervene in the production of knowledge; At the same time, the university of the initiative to adjust their knowledge rules, in order to meet market demand, university and the market reached an accomplice of a relationship.Chinese university and its institutional arrangements are being in the process of modernization. Chinese university institution has been affected by popular nationalism in education, and reflected China’s unique sight of university system. On the one hand, as a government reformation tool, Chinese university has been linked with the national interests closely. On the other hand, China has the knowledge tradition of pragmatism, knowledge depend on the survival and development of power, so the university system is a reflection of a community-based and even the whole country, out of the logic knowledge.University system as the link of "knowledge-power", reflects the different balance of power between the powers, behind it is reflected in the different values of the pursuit of knowledge. University system from the reality of the existence of the root causes and mechanisms, the arrangement of university system should be conducive to the knowledge production and knowledge innovation, the key of the tension between the dynamic balance of the three powers.Specific to a reasonable path and choose strategy of the Chinese modern university system innovation, it can be considered in two ways: on the one hand, the establishment of subjectivity of an independent university, both through reconstruction of the "ivory tower" of Chinese university, and the reconstruction Academic career of the Chinese university teachers to nurture the concept the spirit of academy, and by raising the level of academic research to strengthen the power of knowledge authority. On the other hand, creating a good social system environment, for the modern university system innovation to provide a solid social foundation. Government under social democratic need to change an effective and positive limited government, also improving the market economy system, to cultivate a market forces fully play the role of market competition mechanism.更多还原