【作者】 宋兆杰；

【导师】 王续琨；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文以制度经济学和发展经济学为理论基础探讨了苏联-俄罗斯科学技术事业兴衰的制度根源。苏联计划经济体制对科学技术发展产生的正向作用。它能在短期内集中调配有限资源用于国家规划的重大或紧急项目,从而产生“资源聚合效应”。这种“资源聚合效应”在苏联成立的初期和第二次世界大战结束后为苏联科学技术的发展起到了非常重要的作用。特别是“大科学”的迅速发展正是这一体制优势的具体体现。在很多尖端科学技术领域苏联达到了世界领先水平,苏联用几十年的时间就赶上和超过有着悠久科学文化传统的欧洲发达国家。但是,苏联高度集中的传统计划经济体制又具有负面影响。苏联把在一个特殊条件下为了生存而产生的模式看成是社会主义经济发展唯一正确的模式,将其神圣化、凝固化,在和平发展时期拒绝针对它随着时代变化凸显出来的弊端进行改革。苏联奉行的粗放发展模式重数量轻质量、重速度轻效益,产生严重的“创新惰性”,特别是军事化导向极大地影响了对民用科学技术的投入,使本来可以为军民共用的科学技术成果被封锁在军工部门。同时,僵化的意识形态也严重干扰科学技术事业。苏联解体后俄罗斯向市场经济过渡时期科学技术领域发生严重的混乱和危机。俄罗斯在短时期内确立的正式制度——市场经济制度难以同俄罗斯的非正式制度如意识形态相融合而导致严重的社会动荡和经济危机,科学技术领域受到巨大的冲击:研究开发投入锐减,大批优秀科学技术人才流失国外。普京时期,选择“可控式民主”发展道路,俄罗斯科学技术领域的危机得到遏制。俄罗斯科学技术事业的发展前景面临很多问题。俄罗斯研发投入仍然处于很低的水平,科学技术竞争力还很弱,特别是俄罗斯的传统惯性导致经济发展偏于资源依赖,经济对科学技术成果需求程度低。产业结构的升级面临重重困难,科学技术尚未成为俄罗斯经济增长的驱动力。俄罗斯正采取积极措施加大对基础科学的投入,旨在重振科学技术事业。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the theories of new institutional economics and development economics, the dissertation elaborates the systematical origin of the prosperity and depression in Soviet-Russian scientific technology.Soviet Russian planned economic system had the positive effects on scientific technology. It unified planned limited resources applying for national planning major/urgent projects in a short period of time, hence generated the "resource convergence effect". The effect played a very important role for the recovery and development of USSR’s economy and science & technology at the beginning of its foundation and after the World War II. The rapid development of the "big science" was the positive embodiment of the planned economic system. Soviet Russia has reached the advanced world level in many point end science and technology fields. Soviet Russia kept up and exceeded other European developed countries having longer history of science and culture within decades.However,Soviet Russian highly unified planned economic system also had the negative effects . The Soviet Russia regarded the mode that came into being for survival under special conditions as the only correct mode for the socialist economic development, sanctified it and solidified it. In the peaceful development period, it refused to reform the mode to make up its disadvantage appearing with the times changing. Pursuing the extensive developing mode of emphasizing quantity and speed but neglecting the quality and efficiency, especially under a militarized orientation, Soviet Russia had a severe "inert innovation" and greatly influenced the input of civic science and technology. Some military-civil scientific achievements were locked in military industrial departments. Meanwhile, the frozen ideology seriously disturbed the scientific and technological undertakings, too.Chaos and crisis of scientific technical field had occurred in the transition to the market economy, after the USSR’s disintegration. Russian formal system as market economic system set up within a short period of time could not integrate with its informal system, e.g. ideology, which caused huge social and economic crises, severe impact on scientific technical field, e.g. the scientific investment was reduced sharply and a large number of R&D personnel drained to the foreign countries. During Putin’s presidential time, Russia has been being on the "Controllable Democratic" road, and it stops the crises. Development prospects of the issues of Russian scientific technical industry faced with many issues.Russian R&P is at a low level, scientific competence is still weak, traditional Russian inertia leads to resource-dependence economic development, economy demands little scientific technical achievements, upgraded industrial structure is in difficulty, and scientific technology has not been being a driving force of Russian economic increase. Russia is taking measures to increase the input on basic science, which aims to rejuvenating its scientific and technical industry.更多还原