【作者】 张欣；

【导师】 马士华；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 市场和竞争的全球化特性使得众多的企业纷纷在战略、战术及运作各个层面采取措施以适应变化。大规模定制成为许多企业的主要目标,一种有别于传统供应链的build-to-order (BTO)供应链应运而生。本文以BTO供应链环境为研究背景,分析了影响企业订单接受策略和供应链总体收益的的若干因素,从两个不同的角度提出了企业的订单接受决策模型,分析了信息共享与协同合作所带来的供应链收益及其分配,研究了价格折扣诱导下的客户提前订单承诺对供应链成本的影响。论文取得了预期的研究成果,全文主要内容总结如下:建立了基于提前期柔性的订单接受模型。制造商有选择(即接受或拒绝)订单的权利,决定接受哪些订单以及何时进行生产。订单可以在客户期望的交货期之后和客户可接受的最迟交货期之前的时间生产并运出,但要承担一定的惩罚成本。对于订单的处理分为两种方式,一种是分批处理方式,另一种是整批处理方式。建立了混合整数规划模型,将订单选择、交货期设置和生产计划结合起来考虑,目标是由接受订单总收入减去生产、库存和延迟成本得到的总利润在有限资源约束下达到最大。算例结果表明,在任何一种制造环境下,分批处理订单时,企业所获得的利润和接受的订单数量都比整批处理订单时更大。提前期柔性所带来的收益大小依赖于几个因素,包括能力紧张度,订单的到达分布和订单批量。建立了基于有限生产能力和产出缓存的订单接受模型。提出了一个整数规划模型,将订单接受策略与生产计划进行综合考虑,帮助企业在生产能力和产出缓存空间都有限的情况下,决定应该选择哪些订单,使得企业尽可能地减少延迟成本,达到利润最大化的目标。利用从企业调研中获得的实际历史数据,对模型进行了算例分析。分析结果表明,采用本章中的模型对订单进行选择性接受,所得到的系统总利润大大高于企业采用旧有生产方式所获得的总利润。分析了信息共享与协同合作对BTO供应链的收益影响及其收益在各成员间如何分配。研究了由一个供应商和一个制造商组成的按订单进行生产类型的两级供应链系统。建立了混合整数规划模型分析了信息共享与协同合作对该供应链上收益的影响。这些分析是在供应商与制造商的不同策略组合下分别进行的,并给出了具体算例对上述各种策略进行试验分析,根据试验结果对信息共享与协调合作在各种策略中对供应链各成员及整个供应链的收益影响进行了评估。结果表明,在按订单制造类型的供应链中,信息共享与协同合作能够提高供应链上各成员及整个供应链的运作绩效。虽然信息共享与协同合作都为供应链带来了收益,但该收益在制造商和供应商之间的分配并不是均等的,而是随着策略的变化而不同。研究结论能够帮助企业决策者更加有效地制定发展战略和运作策略。分析了价格折扣诱导客户做出提前订单承诺的可行性,以及对供应链的成本影响。建立了一个模型来定量研究供应商从下游客户端获得提前订单的收益。该模型可被用于揭示为了鼓励客户提前订货而可以提供给客户的最大价格折扣。提前订货时间和价格折扣之间的平衡能够为供应渠道中的各方成员带来成本的减少。该模型提供了一个有用的方法来估算不同程度的提前订单承诺所带来的成本节约数量。分析结果能够帮助供应商提供较低的价格以诱导客户提前做出订单承诺。如果顾客可以接受任意一个低于相应最大价格折扣的价格,则双方均可从中受益。更多还原

【Abstract】 The global nature of the markets and competition has forced many companies to undergo numerous changes in terms of strategies, tactics, and operations. Mass customization has become a major subjectives of many companies. Towards this end, firms have developed a build-to-order (BTO) supply chain to be flexible and responsive. Based on this situation, several factors which affect the order acceptance decision and supply chain benefits are considered. Order acceptance decision models are built from two aspects, supply chain benefits from information sharing, system coordination and advance order commitment are studied. The main contribution of this thesis can be summarized as follows:Order acceptance decision models are presented. Manufacturer with finite production capacity has ability to accept or reject orders. Each customer has a commitment time and preferred and latest ascceptable due-dates. Orders can be produced and delivered after its preferred due date with penalty cost. Mixed integer programming models are proposed, whose objective is to maximize the profits by considering the production cost, inventory holding cost and tardiness cost simultaneously, coordinating order selection, due-date setting, and scheduling decision. Insights regarding the benefiets of leadtime flexibility in different environment are provided. Two order processing method, i.e., split-lot processing and whole-lot processing, are considered. Numerical analyses show that whatever the environment is, profits gained from split-lot order processing is always higher than from whole-lot order processing. The magnitude of the benefit of leadtime flexibility depends on environmental factors in various ways.Order acceptance decision with limited capacity and finite output buffers in BTO manufacturing environment is presented. An integer programming model is proposed to cooperate the order acceptance and production scheduling decisions, the objective is to maximize the manufacturer’s profit presented by the difference of total revenue from all accepted orders and total penalty cost caused by order tardiness. Through numerical example, the impacts of demand distribution and output buffers on system profit are examined. The results suggest that the system profit gained by using the proposed model is much higher than using the old FCFS method. The results are helpful for managers to make order acceptance decisions.The impact of order information sharing and physical flow coordination in a BTO supply chain is analysed. A two-level build-to-order supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one supplier is studied. Mathematical models are built to analyze the manufacturer’s ordering policies, vendor’s manufacturing and order fulfillment processes under different integration strategies. The objective is to measure the value of information sharing and coordination in this supply chain across these strategies. Experimental results indicate a 22.76% cost reduction moving from a traditional supply chain to a fully integrated supply chain, and the times of manufacturer’s purchasing, supplier’s setup and delivering are reduced as well. While information sharing can reduce system cost, the main benefit comes from coordination. The benefits are not allocated equally among the members, and vary by strategy.The impact of advanced order commitments to BTO supply chain and the possibility of advanced order commitments attracted by price discount are studied. A model is developed to quantify the benefits to the supplier from obtaining advanced commitments from downstream customers. This model can be used to suggest the maximum price discount that can be offered to customers to encourage them to commit their orders in advance. The trade-off between advanced ordering time and price discount can lead to cost reductions for both members of the supply chain. A useful tool is provided for estimating the cost-savings associated with various levels of advance order commitments. These analysises create an opportunity for a firm to offer slightly less flexibility to customers in the form of early order commitment, in exchange for lower prices.更多还原