【作者】 吴宝安；

【导师】 黄树先；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 “核心词”是词汇学研究的中心,“西汉”又是汉语史研究中的一个重要时期,对“西汉的核心词”进行全面、系统的研究,不仅对汉语词汇史的建设有重要价值,而且还能给汉藏语系的比较提供一份新的材料。前修时贤虽非常重视西汉词汇的研究,但成果多集中于专书专类词,对西汉的核心词鲜有系统的论述。本文采用语义场理论,应用数理统计和典型例证相结合的方法,对西汉核心词进行封闭的、穷尽式的研究,这对系统了解西汉核心词汇的面貌、对深入认识西汉词汇的特点具有重要意义。本文约23万字,由七章组成。第一章为绪论,全面介绍了“西汉核心词”的研究概况、研究意义、研究材料和研究方法。第二章研究《百词表》中的“身体词”,分“头部、躯干、四肢、内脏、其它”五节对20个身体义场的204个词进行逐一研究。研究发现,“身体词”最显著的特征是代表词的变化非常大。第三章研究《百词表》中的“生物类词”,分“与人有关、动物、植物”三节对15个义场的197个词进行系统研究。研究发现,“生物类词”代表词发生变化较少,“与人有关”的词深受社会制度和社会文化的影响。第四章研究《百词表》中的“自然现象类词”,分“天文、地理、其它”三节对14个义场的165个词进行了仔细研究。研究发现,“自然现象类词”代表词更稳定、有些义场语义分割较细、词目成分中多楚语词。第五章对数词“一”、“二”进行了研究。较之现在汉语,西汉的数词“一”、“二”义项更多、语法功能更强。第六章专门研究《百词表》中的核心动词,分“进食行为、知觉行为、肢体行为、状态行为、其它”五节对19个核心动词义场的280个词进行了详细的研究。研究发现,西汉核心动词代表词的更替很频繁,但很少受双音化机制的规约,语义分割也较细,词目中也多楚语词。第七章结论,对西汉核心词的总体特征进行了总结,并对与核心词相关的一些问题进行了探讨。本文的贡献及主要创新点有:1)首次对西汉的核心词进行了系统深入的研究,共收集到核心词目865个,对这些词目在西汉的共时表现以及重要词目在汉语史中的历时演变做了细致的探讨,总结出了西汉核心词“语义分割较细、双音词已很普遍、代表词的变化特点鲜明”等特征;认为将西汉置于上古汉语末期基本合适,但是它也有自己独有的特点。这些成果对构建科学的汉语词汇史有重要的参考价值。2)系统的整理了在汉语史中发生了变化的核心词,对这些词发生变化的方式、原因、特点、机制等进行了有力的探讨,指出:(1)变化的方式主要是词汇更替和双音化;(2)变化的原因主要是“语义负荷过重”,也有因为“同音”和“避讳”而产生的例子;(3)变化的特点是核心词中的高频词或者说在语言中地位更高的词更容易变化;(4)变化的终极动力是经济原则和交际原则的交互作用。这些规则有些是首次提出,为常用词演变理论增加了一些新的内容。3)有“普方古民”的视野,注意与现代汉语及现代方言相结合,有时也注意与民族语文相结合。为某些方言的来源提供了有力的佐证,也为民族语文的比较提供了新的材料。如“脰”在两汉是齐、青、徐一带的方言词,而现在却只存于闽方言中,这为闽方言的来源提供一条很有价值的材料;又如表示鸟尾的“蘇*snaa”和“帑*naa”其实是一个词,能和藏语“尾”rna-ma比较,“蘇*snaa”跟藏文更近。4)借助先进的计算机技术大批量的调查语料,对核心词目进行相对封闭的、穷尽式的研究。在分析词汇时,语音、语义、语法和语用并重,尤其重视语音,科学的考订一些常用词的词义,如:“胸、膺”王凤阳先生认为是来源不同,“臆”是“意”的后期分化字,我们认为“胸*qbon、膺*q(?)、臆*q(?)/*ql(?)g”同族;“颈*ke(?)”在先秦西汉并不表示脖子前部,而是与“领*gre(?)”同族,文献中也同义;“目、眼”在先秦就是同义词,都可以表示“眼睛和眼珠”等。对《汉语大字典》和《汉语大词典》的始出例证做了较多的补充,如:指赤着脚的“雪足”最早见于《史记?郦生陆贾列传》中的“雪足杖矛”,而不是《汉语大字典》所引的唐吴融《寄尚颜师》诗:“临风翘雪足”。更多还原

【Abstract】 Considering the facts that the“Kernel Words”is a pivot for the lexicology study while the Western Han Dynasty was an important stage in the history of the Chinese, the comprehensive and systematic study of the“kernel words in Western Han Dynasty”not only has important value to the construction of the vocabulary history of Chinese, but also offered a new material to the comparison study of Han-Tibetan family. Though forefathers had paid much attention to the research of the vocabulary of Western Han Dynasty, their achievements were only concentrated on a specific kind of words in special books without a systematic argumentation to the kernel words in Western Han Dynasty. These systematic study was carried on and the genesis and developments of the kernel words in Western Han Dynasty were discussed here according to the Semantic Field theory, which had important value in the understanding of the characteristic of the kernel words in Western Han Dynasty, by the combination of mathematical statistics and typical illustration with the help of the computer technology.The dissertation is about 230,000 words, and composed of seven chapters: Chapter one is the“introduction”, introduced the general situation, meaning, research material and methods of the research of“kernel words of Western Han Dynasty”. In Chapter two,“the body words”in“Swadesh 100-word list”were studied by dividing into these five parts“head, truck, four limbs, viscera, and others”. The research of the 204 words about twenty body semantic fields indicated that the change of representative words of the body words is very great. In Chapter three, the“Organism words”of“Swadesh 100-word list”were studied by dividing into these three parts“relating to people, animal and plant”. The research of the 197 words about fifteen organism semantic fields indicated that the representative words of“Organism words”changed less, and the words“relating to people”were influenced by social system and culture deeply. In Chapter four, the“natural phenomena words”of“Swadesh 100-word list”were studied by dividing into these three parts“astronomy, geography and others”. The research of the 165 words about fourteen natural phenomena semantic fields indicated that the natural phenomena Semantic division was more detailed, and their representative words were steadier and contained many Chu language words. In Chapter five, the numerals“one”and“two”were studied. Compared with modern Chinese, there were more meaning and grammar functions of numeral in the Western Han Dynasty. In Chapter six, the kernel verbs of“Swadesh 100-word list”were studied in detail by dividing into these five parts“eating behavior, consciousness behavior , limbs’behavior , state behavior and others”. The research of the 280 words about nineteen kernel verbs’semantic fields indicated that their semantic fields were divided as detailedly as the“natural phenomena words”discussed in chapter four, and their representative words’substitution was more frequently but little affected by disyllable tendency. What’s more, they were many Chu language words, too. In Chapter seven, the conclusion about the overall characteristic of the kernel words in Western Han Dynasty was drawn and the research results of this dissertation were summarized. Meanwhile, the discussion about the kernel words related theory was developed.Main contribution and innovation of this dissertation:1) It was the first comprehensive and systematic study of the kernel words in Western Han Dynasty. 865 kernel words were collected in the study and detailed discussion about these words’synchronic situation in the Western Han Dynasty and their evolvement in Chinese history was developed. The characteristics about the kernel words of the Western Han Dynasty was summarized as that semantic division was more detailed, and the disyllable words were very general already. Author’s own view was put forwarded that the Han Dynasty should belong in latter stage of archaic Chinese in study of Chinese history but it had its own characteristic. These achievements had important reference value in the construction of the scientific Chinese vocabulary history.2) The kernel words which had changed in the history of Chinese was studied systematically and the change’s mechanism, way , reason , and characteristic was discussed and the conclusion was drawn that: (1) The main way of the change was vocabulary substitution and disyllablization ; (2) The mainly reasons of the change included the heavy burthen of semanteme, homophonous replacement and taboo, etc.; (3) It was a characteristic of the change that word with highly using frequency in kernel words or the word with higher position in the language changed more frequently. (4) The ultimate motive force of change was the interaction of economic principle and communication principle; Some of these rules were brought out for the first time, and added some new contents for the theory of the kernel words’evolvement.3) There are visions of“Putonhua vs. Dialects vs. Ancient Chinese vs. Family Language”which pay attention to combination of modern Chinese and modern dialect, and sometimes pay attention to combination of ancient Chinese and family language too. Some effective evidence for the origin of some dialects was offered. For example,“Dou(脰)”was a dialect word in the Qi(齐), Qing(青) and Xu(徐)area in the Han Dynasty, but now it was only retained in the Min(闽) dialect, which offered very valuable material for origin of the Min(闽) dialect. Meanwhile, new materials for research of comparison about family language were offered too. For instance, the word“Su(蘇) *????”which means bird’s hair was actually the same word with as“Nu(帑) *naa”. It could be compare with“Tail”r??-ma in Tibetan and“Su(蘇) *?????”is nearer to Tibetan language. ?4) Utilization of advanced computer technology to investigate enormous quantities of language materials to develop a relatively self-contained and complete research of the kernel words. While analyzing words, pronunciation, semanteme, grammar and pragmatics were all well considered especially the pronunciation. The meaning of some common words was researched scientifically, for instance:“Yi(臆)*???/*?l??”was not the latter form of“Yi(意)”,but the related words of“Breast(胸)*????”;“Neck(颈)”did not express the front part of neck ,“Mu(目), Yan(眼)”were synonyms at the beginning. There were many supplement to the early examples of“two dictionary”too, for instance: the earliest illustration quoted the word“snow foot”which meant barefoot in“the Chinese Dictionary”was Wu-Rong’s poem“Sending to a teacher of Shang Yan”in Tang Dynasty:“face the wind and stick up the snow foot”.In fact, there was earlier statement of“snow foot cane lance”in“History: the biographies of Lisheng(郦生) and Lugu(陆贾)”.更多还原