【作者】 牛慧娟；

【导师】 欧阳康；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 高等教育学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 学生的主体性发展与人类主体意识的觉醒和进化有着密切的关系,主体意识的每一次觉醒和进化都反过来推动社会的发展,促进人类的进步,因而,学生的主体性发展问题不仅是一个单纯的教育理论问题,也是一个与当代社会发展密切相关的重大现实问题。随着我国社会转型和高等教育改革的进一步深化,大学生的主体性发展问题逐渐凸显出来。人的主体性发展既是自然过程,受到各种自然规律的制约,也是一个教化的过程,受到教育过程和各种教育规律的制约,教育是主体性生成和发展的重要机制,但是教育必须以个体主体性的发展水平和特点为依据,遵循个体主体性发展的规律,才能更好地促进个体主体性的发展。主体性的发展的确表现为一种节奏或阶段,人的发展尤如一张由千丝万缕的线织成的网络,而缕缕网线并非都以相同的延伸长度联接到一起,正如英国哲学家怀特海所认为的“这种节奏包含一种交织在一起的若干循环周期,而整个过程作为发展中的小旋涡,又受一个具有相同特点的更重要的循环周期的控制。此外,这种节奏显示出某些可确定的普遍规律,这些规律对大部分学生来说都是合理的。”因此,每个阶段的教育要适应学生在这个发展节奏中已经达到的水平。中小学教育阶段是学生主体性的萌生和初期发展阶段,中小学教育的责任更多地是对学生进行教化和引导;大学教育阶段是个体主体性发展的转折期,由自我的主体性向自觉、自由主体性发展的过渡,大学教育的责任更多地体现为帮助学生进行自我教化、自我成长和自我发展;到了成人阶段,人的主体性逐渐成熟,并向着自觉、自由的方向发展,成人阶段的学习和教育主要体现为自我指导和自我教育。大学教育作为教育的一个过程和阶段,它与中小学教育和成人继续教育相比,有着自己的显著特点,即专业性和学术性,也就是传授高深的知识和探究知识,大学教育与大学生的主体性发展具有适切性。那么大学期间,大学生的主体性发展应该达到什么样的程度呢?这既是大学教育的目标也是大学生主体性发展的内涵,从大学生的心理发展特点来看,大学生的发展明显地具有二重性,从生理上来讲,大学生已日渐成熟,“成人感”出现,自我意识的发展到了一个新的阶段,但是从心理上来看,他们还远未成熟,还处于少年向成人过渡的阶段,处于个体社会化的末期,大学阶段正是大学生逐渐摆脱受教育状态,走向自我教育,从而使主体性获得自由发展的重要时期,因此,大学生主体性发展的内涵就表现为自我教育和个体社会化。大学教育在促进学生主体性发展的过程中承担着重要的历史使命,西方发达国家和中国大学生主体性发展的历史经验告诉我们,大学教育与大学生的主体性发展并不总是呈现出一致性,大学教育也可能会阻碍学生的主体性发展,这集中体现在两个方面:一是观念层面上,大学理念和大学教育的价值取向对大学生主体性发展的影响,“大学自治”、“学术自由”等经典大学理念为学生主体性的发展创造了良好的外部环境,但是“工具主义”、“理性主义”等大学理念可能带来大学生发展的工具性和技术性倾向;二是制度层面上,大学、政府和市场三者的关系对大学生主体性发展的影响,三者之间应该形成良好的协调机制,尤其是在中国,国家和政府的权力仍然比较大,大学缺乏相应的自治和学术自由,这成为阻碍大学生主体性发展的制度因素。主体性本身是一个关系范畴,主体性的发展离不开一定的关系,因此,在一定的关系中反思大学生的主体性发展具有重要的意义。一是学习过程中大学生的主体性发展,大学生要超越学习知识过程中的“占有式”的主体性发展,向生存意义的主体性发展;二是教学活动中大学生的主体性发展,教育模式要由讲解传授向参与性教学进行转变,师生关系也要由教师权威走向共同探究;三是虚拟实践中大学生的主体性发展,我们既要认识到虚拟实践对主体性发展的积极意义,同时,也要避免虚拟实践带来的主体性困境,尤其是要引导大学生正确认识网络的本质,培养大学生网络中的独立人格;四是权力分配中大学生的主体性发展,学生权力的缺失并不利于大学生的主体性发展,从国际高等教育发展的经验来看,学生权力是大学生主体性发展的必然要求。大学教育要更好地促进大学生的主体性发展,使大学生在大学期间能够达到自我教育和完成个体社会化,必须在以下方面进行变革。确立以生为本的大学教育观念和建立现代大学制度,建立和完善大学生的利益表达机制,为大学生主体性的发展创造良好的观念、制度和机制环境。除此之外,还必须构建促进大学生主体性发展的有效途径,课程改革有利于激发学生的学习热情,让学生在课程教学中能够主动地、积极地、自觉地进行学习;优良的学风为大学生的自主学习创造了良好的学术环境,使大学生真正地主动学、勤于学、乐于学和志于学,变“要我学”到“我要学”;丰富多彩的社团活动是大学生自我发展、自我教育的重要平台。大学生的主体性发展是个复杂的系统,大学生的主体性发展一方面离不开大学教育环境的支持,但更为重要的是大学生的自我投入、自我发展和自我教育,大学生的主体性发展必须在学生与教育环境的互动中不断提升,因此,大学生对教育环境的积极参与是其主体性发展的根本途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of students’subjcetivity is closely related with the rouse and evolvement of mankind’s realization of subjectivity, and each rouse and evolvement of mankind’s subjectivity is in reverse promote the development of our society as well as the progress of the human being. Therefore, the development of students’subjectivity is not only an educational problem, but also a critical and realistic problem related to the development of the contemporary society. With the further transformation of our society and the reform of the higher education, students’subjectivity is demanding more and more attention of us.The development of peoples’subjectivity is a natural process, restricted by all kinds of orders of nature, and a education process, restricted by all the orders of education. Education is a important mechanism for the birth and progress of subjectivity. But only in light with the level and characteristics of the development of individual’s subjectivity and following the rule of it, can education promote the development of individual’s subjectivity. In fact, the development of subjectivity is acting as a rhythm or a phase. The development of a person is like knitting a net with thousands of threads, which are not stretched to the same length. Like what British philosopher White said:”this rhythm contains some mixed cycles, while the whole process as just a small spire of the development is controlled by a more important cycle that sharing the same characteristics. Apart from that, this rhythm shows some common rules that are easy to be fixed and reasonable to most of students.”Therefore, the education of each phase should be in match with the rhythm of its development。The education stage in primary school and middle school is the sprouting and initial development stage of people’s subjectivity, and is inclined to teach and guide students. The college education stage is a turning period for the development of individual’s subjectivity, when it is transiting from self-centering to self-control and freedom. Therefore, college education is mainly responsible for motivating students to learn, grow and develop by their own. And when they become adults, their subjectivity is gradually shaped and developing towards the direction of self-discipline and freedom. So the study and education in this period should characterized with self-guide and self-education.As a process and a stage of education, the college education, compared with the education of primary and middle school as well as further education for adults, is characterized with specialty and academy. In another word, it is imparting advanced knowledge and researching knowledge and is in match with the development of students’subjectivity. Then, to what level should this development get? This is not only the goal of college education, but the connotation of the development of students’subjectivity. From the perspective of college students’psychology development, students’development apparently has two sides. Physically, they are becoming mature, the feeling of adults begins to appear, and their self-awareness is coming to a new level. But psychologically, they are far from mature, and in the ending part of their socialization, the transition period from teenager to adults. Therefore, the connotation of the development of college students’subjectivity is their self-education and socialization.College education takes on the important historical mission in promoting the development of students’subjectivity, the historical experience of the development of students’subjectivity of developed countries as well as that of Chinese college students tell us,that college education and the development of college students’subjectivity aren’t consistant in all ways,college education probably baffles the development of college students’subjectivity, this is manifested in two aspects. On the concept aspect, the development of students’subjectivity is affected by the ideology and the value system of college education, college ideas such as“autonomy of university”and“academic freedom”offer the favorable external conditions, but college ideas such as“instrumentalism”and“rationalistic”bring the implemental and technical inclination of college students’subjectivity.While on the system aspect, the development of students’subjectivity is affected by the relationship among the university, the government and the market, the ternate relatoinships should form good harmonious system, especially in China, the power of country and government holds the predominance, the college is short of corresponding autonomy and academic freedom,which is the institutional factor that baffles the development of college students’subjectivity.We must be aware of what factors have an influence on students’subjectivity. After researching the history of the development of students’subjectivity of developed countries as well as that of Chinese college students, we come to a conclusion that, generally speaking, the influence factors of the development of students’subjectivity is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the concept aspect, the development of students’subjectivity is affected by the ideology and the value system of students, while on the system aspect by the relationship among the university, the government and the market.Subjectivity belongs to the relationship category, and the development of students’subjectivity can not be considered without any relation, so it is very important to reconsider the development of students’subjectivity their daily lives. The first is the development of students’subjectivity in the process of study where they need to overcome the development of the procession style study and move to the development of surviving. The second is the one in about education activities. The education mechanism should transformed from imparting knowledge to an interactive activities, which means teachers are no longer authorities but an team member of a research. The third is the one in the dummy practice. We need to realize the significance of dummy practice, and at the same time avoid the plight it might bring to the development of students’subjectivity. What’s more, college students should be guided to have a correct understanding of the network, and helped to establish their independent character in the network world. The forth is the development of students’subjectivity in the distribution of students’rights. The lack of their own rights is not beneficial for the development of students’subjectivity. According to the experience of the development of higher education in other countries, rights are inevitably demanded in the process of the development of students’subjectivity.In order to promote the development of students’subjectivity, and help them finish their self-education and socialization, college education must transform in some ways.The newly students-centered college education idea, the modern college system and the students’interests expression mechanism should be established and completed, in order to create a favorable environment of concept, system and mechanism for the development of students’subjectivity. In addition, new effective ways to promote the development of students’subjectivity must be explored. the curriculum reform is good for stimulation students’passion for study, which will bring more initiative, enthusiasm, and sell- discipline in their study. A good studying style will create a favorable study environment for the self-study of students and help them to study initiatively, diligently, happily and ambitiously. Then they will change from negative study to positive study. A variety of social activities are an important stage for the self development of college students.The development of college students’subjectivity is a complex system, the development of students’subjectivity need the support of college education environment; what is more important is the self- devotion, self-development, and self-education of college students, and the development of students’subjectivity must be upgraded in this interactive education environment.Therefore, the involvement of college students is the essential way to the development of students’subjectivity.更多还原