【作者】 胡林峰；

【导师】 张兴；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农药学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 孜然（Cuminum cyminum L．），又名孜然芹、安息茴香、安息孜然、小茴香等，为伞形科（Umbelliferae）孜然芹属（Cuminum L．）植物，一年或两年生草本。孜然主要的应用部分是其种子，长期以来，孜然种子作为调味品使用，也可入药。研究表明孜然种子提取物具有多种生物活性，本论文在前人研究的基础上，对孜然种子提取物的抑菌作用进行了较为系统的研究。研究所得结果如下：1．采用活性示踪，由孜然种子中分得到12种活性化合物，其中6种鉴定为枯茗醛、枯茗酸、丁香酚、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和木犀草素。编号为ZR7～ZR12的化合物结构还有待于进一步确认。2．系统研究了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。生长速率法测定结果表明，枯茗醛对番茄早疫病菌的毒力最高，其EC₅₀为19．0 mg／L；其次是对棉花黄萎病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC₅₀分别为45．3 mg／L和62．5 mg／L；对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力最低。枯茗醛对不同病原菌孢子萌发具有一定的抑制作用，供试浓度为100 mg／L时，对稻瘟病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和玉米大斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于50％～60％；500 mg／L浓度下，能够完全抑制稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明枯茗醛对番茄灰霉病菌和油菜菌核病菌具有防治效果，在100mg／L浓度时，防效分别为23．75％和21．93％；1000 mg／L浓度处理与100 mg／L浓度处理无显著性差异。盆栽法测定表明，在1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗醛对小麦白粉病有一定的保护防效和治疗效果，分别为51．98％和20．06％；同样浓度下，对油菜菌核病的保护防效和治疗效果分别为21．71％和26．55％。枯茗酸对棉花黄萎病菌的毒力最高，其EC₅₀为46．7 mg／L；其次是对番茄早疫病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC₅₀分别为84．0 mg／L和91．8 mg／L。枯茗酸在100 mg／L浓度下对稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、烟草赤星病菌和玉米小斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于30％～50％之间；浓度为500 mg／L时，能够完全抑制番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明，1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的防治效果为51．15％；盆栽试验表明，在同样浓度下，枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为64．85％和54．17％，对油菜菌核病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为99．06％和21．78％。3．测定了木犀草素、ZR8、ZR9、ZR10和ZR12，以及孜然种子精油的一些主要成分（丁香酚、1，8-桉叶素、松油烯-4-醇、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、α-松油烯）的抑菌活性。其中ZR10、ZR12、丁香酚具有较好的抑菌效果。丁香酚的抑菌效果最好，在浓度为200 mg／L时，对油菜菌核病菌、番茄早疫病菌和棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别为94．17％、91．24％和78．48％，并能完全抑制水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌菌丝的生长，对这两种病原菌的EC₅₀分别为64．1 mg／L和70．3 mg／L。ZR10、ZR12和松油烯-4-醇的抑菌效果次之。供试浓度为为200 mg／L时，ZR10对番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率分别为64．43％、85．71％和95．57％；ZR．12对辣椒疫霉病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑菌效果分别为65．45％、67．77％、79．12％和95．71％，并能完全抑制油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长；松油烯-4-醇仅对水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的抑制率高于60％，分别为71．68％和77．36％。α-松油烯、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9的抑菌活性较低，在200 mg／L浓度下对所有供试病原菌的抑制率均低于60％，其中d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9对所有供试病原菌的抑制率低于25％。木犀草素在供试浓度下未表现出抑菌活性。4．采用电子显微镜观察了枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病侵染和菌丝生长的影响。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表明枯茗醛和枯茗酸处理均引起小麦白粉病菌分生孢子数量减少，其中枯茗醛影响病原菌孢子的形成，而枯茗酸则主要引起分生孢子过早衰亡。透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察结果表明，枯茗酸导致病原菌菌丝细胞壁加厚，部分菌丝细胞壁开始分解，胞内物质也出现分解或在细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质；枯茗醛处理的病原菌菌丝体表面不光滑，细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质，胞内出现大面积空泡，空泡内分散电子致密度高的物质，可能为胞质分解所产生。同时，观察到两种化合物对小麦白粉病的吸器也有影响，还可引起吸器内原生质电子密度增加，细胞内各种细胞器降解，其中枯茗醛处理对吸器的破坏作用更为明显。5．选取了枯茗醛、枯茗酸及与其结构类似的萜类和芳香化合物共20种化合物，研究其抑菌作用与结构之间的关系。分别测定20种化合物对油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的毒力曲线，以EC₅₀作为活性评判指标，研究其结构与活性之间的关系。采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）分别分析化合物与油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌之间的QSAR关系，分别得出QSAR公式[Y=-0．9287（AL-H）+0．4644（Gib）+1．0166（LogP）-0．2143（Mass）]和[Y=-0．5471（△L-H）+0．4892（Gib）+0．6176（Volumn）-0．6281（Hydrationenergy）]。分析结果表明：（1）结构不稳定的芳香族化合物有利于其与病原菌结合而提高其生物活性；（2）苯环上的酚羟基、醛基为芳香族化合物的活性基团，两种基团共存时对活性影响无明显提高，在苯环其它位点引入亲酯性基团有利于提高芳香化合物的抑菌活性。6．采用正交设计试验研究孜然种子油超临界CO₂提取工艺。影响孜然种子油提取率的因素主次关系为：提取压力＞CO₂流量＞物料粉碎粒度＞提取温度。得到提取最优工艺条件组合为：提取压力34．5 MPa，粉碎粒度为60～80目，CO₂流量80 mL，萃取仓温度为30℃。在此提取条件下，孜然种子油提取率及枯茗醛、枯茗醇的含量高于其它提取方法。孜然种子油的提取率达21．59％，其中枯茗醛的相对含量为30．56％，枯茗醇的相对含量为23．59％。测定不同提取组合所得孜然种子油对油菜菌核病的抑制作用，发现孜然种子油的抑菌活性与其中枯茗醛的相对含量成正相关关系。表明枯茗醛是孜然种子油中的主要抑菌活性成分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cuminum cyminum L.,,was also called cumin,which was a member of the Cuminum L.family of Umbelliferae,annual or biennial herbaceous.The main usefull part of cumin was itsseed.For a long time,seed of Cuminum cyminum was used as spice and medicine.Somereport showed that cumin seed extract had many kinds of bioactivities.This paper studied thefungicidal activity of Cuminum cyminum systematically,and main results were as following:1.Through direction of bio-assay,twelve coumpounds were isolated from petroleumether extract.Six compounds were detected as p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzoicacid,eugenol,stig-masterol,β-sitoserol,luteolin.Chemical structure of compounds numberedZR7～ZR12 need further confirmation.2.Antifungal activities of of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidwere researched systematically.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde showed higher antifungal virulencethan other compounds against Alternaria sonali,Verticillium dahliae and Gaeumannomycesgraminis,and the EC₅₀were 19.0 mg/L,45.3 mg/L and 62.5 mg/L respectively.It hadinhibition effect againt spore germination of some plant pathogens also.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the germination inhibition rates ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde wereamong 50%～60% against Pyricularia oryzae,Fulvia fulva and Exserohilum turcicum;Underthe concentration of 500 mg/L,it inhibited spore germination of Pyricularia oryzae,Alternaria brassicae,Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum and Alternaria alternate completely.Organic method showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde had inhibition effect againt mycelimgrowth ofBotrytis cirerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 100 mg/L,and the inhibition rateswere 23.75% and 21.93% respectively.The potted method showed protective effect andtherapy effect of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde were 51.98% and 20.06% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 21.71% and 26.55% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.p-isopropyl benzoic acid had higher antifungal virulence against Verticillium dahliae,and the EC₅₀was 46.7 mg/L.And the followed EC₅₀of which were 84.0 mg/L and 91.8 mg/Lagainst Alternaria sonali and Gaeumannomyces graminis repectively.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the inhibition rates were less than 50% againt spore germinationof seven pathogens for testing.While the concentration raised to 500 mg/L,p-isopropylbenzoic acid inhibited spore germination of Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum,Alternaria alternate and Physalospora piricola completely.In the further,tissue method showed thatcontrol effect ofp-isopropyl benzoic acid was 51.15% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum underthe concentration of 1000 mg/L.At the same concentration,potted mehod showed thatprotective effect and therapy effect of which were 64.85% and 54.17% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 99.06% and 21.78% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.3.Premilary stydies on the fungicidal activities of othe 12 compounds from cumin seed.Plate growth rate method showed eugenol had better bioactivity among these compounds.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhition rates of which were 94.17%,91.24% and78.48% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Alternaria solani and Verticillium dahliaerespectiviely,and inhibited hypha growth of Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctoniacerealis completely;the EC₅₀of eugenol were 64.1 mg/L and 70.3 mg/L againstThanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.ZR10、ZR12 andterpinen-4-ol took the second place.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,inhibition rates ofZR10 were 64.43%、85.71% and 95.57% against Alternaria solani、Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of ZR12 were 65.45%、67.77%、79.12% and 95.71% against Phytophthora capsici、Rhizoctonia cerealis、Alternaria solani and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of terpinen-4-ol were71.68% and 77.36% against Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.α-terpinene、linalool、d-limonene、β-caryophyllene、1,8-Cineole、ZR8 and ZR9 hadlower inhibition effects.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhibition rates of abovecompounds were lower than 60%.Luteolin showed no inhibition effect on all test plantpathogens.4.Affection ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid on infection andgrowth of Blumer graminis were observed by electron microscopy technology.Scanningelectron microscopy result showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidtreating decreased sporothrix number.The former influenced sporulation,and the latterinduced premature senescence of sporothrix.Transmission electron microscopy result showedthat p-isopropyl benzoic acid treated hyphae appeared thickened cell wall,cell walldegradation,intracellular substance degradation,and some high density substances depositedinside cell wall.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde treating appeared surface irregularity of hypha,vacuole and higher density substances in cell.Two compounds improved the electron densityofhaustellum,and induced organelles separation.5.Studying the quantitative structure-activity relationship between structure and theinhition effect against Rhizoctonia cerealis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of 20 compounds,which had similar structure with p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid.Twoformulas were obtained as following:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum[Y=-0.9287（△L-H）+0.4644（Gib）+1.0166（LogP）-0.2143（Mass）]and Rhizoctonia cerealis[Y=-0.5471 （△L-H）+0.4892（Gib）+ 0.6176（Volumn）—0.6281（Hydration energy）].Results showedthat aromatic compounds with unstable structure had higher bioactivity.Hydroxy group andaldehyde group were the active groups,which linked to benzene ring together had notsignificant improving on angifungal activities.Lipophilic group on other benzene ring siteshelped to impove antifungal activities of aromatic compounds.6.The SFE CO₂ optimal combination extracting of oil from cuminum cyminum seedwere researched by orthogonall test.The optimal combination was as following.Extractingpressure:5000 psi;mesh of seed power;60～80mesh;CO2 volumn:80 mL;temperature ofextracting storehouse:30℃.Under this combination,extraction rate of seed oil was 21.59%,which was higher than other extraction methods.GC/MS analysis showed that maincompounds of seed oil were p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-（1-methylethyl）-p-cymen-7-ol.The relative contens of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-（1-methylethyl）-p-cymen-7-ol were30.56% and 23.59% respectively.Seed oil extracted under different combination werebioassayed against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under the concentration of 100 mg/L.Inhibionrate and main compounds analysis showed positive correlation between inhibition effect andcontent of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzaldehyde was the main fungicidealcompound of seed oil from Cuminum cyminum.更多还原