【作者】 惠竹梅；

【导师】 李华；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 果树学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 葡萄园生草是一种优良的土壤管理措施，对保护环境和农业可持续发展具有重要的意义，葡萄园生草对土壤肥力和葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响是普遍关注和研究的重点。土壤生物学性质能敏感反映土壤环境的变化，以及对土壤结构和养分循环的重要性而成为土壤肥力评价的重点指标。葡萄酒的特有成分多酚、花色素苷、香气等是影响葡萄酒质量和构成葡萄酒个性的基本成分，成为消费者购买葡萄酒所考虑的关键因素。本论文以欧亚种(V．vinifera L．)酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠(Cabemet Sauvignon)为试材，在葡萄园行间种植白三叶草、紫花苜蓿、高羊茅，以清耕为对照，对葡萄园土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性及土壤养分进行了测定，并用通径分析研究了土壤养分与土壤生物因子的关系；通过TDR时域反射仪定位监测葡萄园水分的变化；采用HPLC和SPME-GC／MS分析了葡萄与葡萄酒的单体酚、花色素苷和香气成分，阐明了行间生草对葡萄园土壤及葡萄与葡萄酒质量的影响，为葡萄园生草进一步研究和推广奠定了理论基础。主要研究结论如下：(1)葡萄园土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及土壤养分均随土壤层次的加深而降低，土壤微生物数量主要分布在0～20 cm，土壤酶活性和养分以0～20 cm及20～40 cm土层含量较高。细菌数量占土壤微生物总量的90％以上，其次是放线菌和固氮菌。土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分随季节变化呈现一定的规律，其中细菌、放线菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量、脲酶、淀粉酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均以7月和9月份较高，4月和12月份较低，峰值大多出现在7月。真菌在7月和9月数量较低，4月和12月较高；行间生草和清耕(对照)土壤纤维素酶活性峰值分别出现在9月和7月份。土壤碱解N、速效K、全N、全P、有机质含量总体为12月份较高，其次是4月份，9月份较低。(2)与清耕(对照)相比，除高羊茅处理使土壤放线菌数量、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低外，行间生草总体使全年平均土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量、碱性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性增加；行间生草使土壤有机质含量显著高于清耕(对照)，白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理总体使土壤碱解N、全N、速效K含量显著升高，高羊茅使其明显降低；三种生草处理均使速效P、全P含量降低，其中白三叶草和紫花苜蓿降低的幅度较大，而高羊茅降低的幅度较小。总体上，葡萄园行间种植豆科白三叶草和紫花苜蓿提高土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分含量的效应较明显，但禾本科牧草有利于有效磷的活化和淀粉酶活性的提高。(3)土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性与土壤养分三者之间存在一定的相关关系。除过氧化氢酶外，土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、速效K与各生物因子之间均呈极显著或显著正相关；土壤微生物数量与酶活性之间也存在极显著正相关。综合分析相关分析及土壤养分与各生物因子的通径分析结果，初步认为碱性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、脲酶、放线菌、细菌是影响葡萄园土壤肥力的主要酶类和菌类，可以作为葡萄园土壤肥力因子的评价指标，其中细菌对土壤肥力主要起间接效应。(4)通过对行间生草葡萄园土壤水分定位观测，结果表明，在不同降水年型，葡萄园生草在一定程度上都对葡萄园土壤水分造成竞争，尤其在冬季贮水量不足、春季干旱的季节水分竞争更为严重，但在降水分布较均衡的年份，行间生草对土壤水分具有一定的调蓄作用，葡萄园生草提高了土壤水分利用率。葡萄园生草可改善土壤结构，使土壤容重降低，总孔隙度提高，高羊茅和白三叶草区0～60 cm土壤容重比清耕(对照)区降低8．5％，紫花苜蓿区降低9．8％；三种生草处理总孔隙度较对照分别提高11．6％、11．5％、13．9％。(5)用HPLC法共测定了赤霞珠葡萄果实与葡萄酒中10种单体酚和9种花色素苷的含量，葡萄果实与葡萄酒中均以儿茶素及二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量最高，分别为主要的类黄酮类多酚和花色素苷；羟基苯甲酸类酚酸占多酚总含量的比例高于羟基肉桂酸类。与清耕(对照)相比，行间生草可提高葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的含量及其总量，高羊茅处理的效果最明显，其次是白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理。行间生草使葡萄果皮与葡萄酒中花色素苷总量升高，由高到低依次为紫花苜蓿＞高羊茅＞白三叶草＞清耕。(6)采用SPME／GC-MS方法，共定量检测出赤霞珠干红葡萄酒47种香气成分，其中酯类和高级醇是赤霞珠葡萄酒的主要香气物质，含量较高的香气化合物为异戊醇、异丁醇、苯乙醇、己醇及乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、葵酸乙酯等，其它香气成分虽然含量较低，但不同香气成分之间的协同作用构成了赤霞珠葡萄酒香气的复杂性。与清耕(对照)相比，行间生草使赤霞珠主要香气成分及酯类、高级醇、萜烯类、脂肪酸及其它微量香气成分的总含量升高，其中紫花苜蓿处理的葡萄酒香气成分总含量最高，其次是高羊茅处理。因此，行间生草可改善赤霞珠葡萄酒的香气，从而提高葡萄酒的质量。(7)葡萄园行间生草使葡萄果实和葡萄汁的总氮含量降低，除白三叶草处理葡萄果实氨基酸总含量略低于清耕(对照)外，其它两种生草处理高于清耕，各处理中均以脯氨酸含量最高，占果实氨基酸总量的45．94％～56．85％，其次是赖氨酸和精氨酸。说明葡萄园行间生草虽然使葡萄果实总氮含量降低，但总体使酵母可直接利用的氨基酸总含量升高，有利于酒精发酵的顺利进行及葡萄酒质量的提高。行间生草使葡萄酒中的总氮、游离氨基酸总含量升高，各处理均以脯氨酸的含量最高，占氨基酸总量的90．11％～92．45％，其次是丝氨酸和天冬氨酸。同时，葡萄酒品尝结果也表明，生草使葡萄酒结构感增强，颜色加深，香气突出。综合品评认为生草有利于葡萄酒质量的提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cover crop in the vineyard as an excellent soil management method,it is of greatsignificance to protection of environment and sustainable development of agriculture.Itbecomes a focal point to study about influence of vineyard cover crop on soil fertility andquality of grape and wine.Soil microbiological characteristic can reflect the soil qualitychanges sensitively,also is it very important to soil structure and plant nutrition cycling.Hence,it becomes an important index to be used as one of soil fertility assessment.Polyphenols,anthocyanin and volatile compounds,along with their interactions,areresponsible for color and aroma,respectively,and affecting wine quality and style.Today agrowing number of consumers are showing interest in wines that are more aroma andcomplex and wines with numerous attributes are considered to be of higher quality.Wine grape cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon as experimental materials,permanent covercrop in vineyard inter-row with white clover(Trifolium repens),alfalfa(Medicago sativa)andtall fescue(Festuca arundincea Schreb.)in Yangling,Shaanxi,with comparison of cleantillage.The effect of cover crop in vineyard on soil microorganism,soil enzyme activity andsoil nutrient were investigated,the relationgships between soil nutrient contents and soilmicrobiological factors of four treatments were studied through correlation analysis and pathanalysis.Localized measure of soil moisture content with TRIME-TDR during vine growthseason,and monomeric phenol,anthocyanin and volatile compounds were determined andanalysed by HPLC and SPME-GC/MS.The effect of cover crop in vineyard on vine and winewere illustrated.The outcome of this study will provide the foundation for a continuing studyand extend.The results were as bellows:(1)soil microorganism quantity,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content decreasedwith deeper of soil layer and they were all higher in topsoil.Bacteria was 90% of totalmicroorganism amount,followed by actinomyces and azotobacter,soil microorganismquantity,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content take on some regularity with seasonalchange,thereinto,the number of bacteria,actinomyces,azotobacter andcellulose-decomposing microorganisms,the activity of urease,sucraseamylase,phosphataseand catalase were apparently larger in July and September than that in April and December, especialy largest in July.The number of fungi was higher in April and December and lower inJuly and September,but the peak value of soil cellulase activitywas in September and Julyunder the treatments of vineyard cover crop and clean tillage(CK),respectively.The contentof soil hydrolyzable N,available K,total N,total P and organic matter increased in the order:December,Apil and September.(2)With comparison to clean tillage,as a whole,the number of soil bacteria,fungi,azotobacter,cellulose-decomposing microorganisms and the activity of phosphatase,amylase,cellulase and catalase were increased under cover crop treatments,with the exception of tallfescue treatment decreased soil actinomyces quantity and activity of urease and sucrase.Thesoil organic matter were increased remarkably and available P,total P reduced by cover croptreatments,white clover and alfalfa treatments increased the contents of soil hydrolyzable N,total N,available K evidently,while tall fescue treatment decreased them.Therefore,whenviewed as a whole,compared with those of clean tillage,improvement of the soilmicroorganism quantity,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrients in white clover and alfalfatreatments more effectively than that in tall fescue.But it was propitious to enhance activitionof the available P and amylase activity with tall fescue treatment.(3)There are correlativity between soil microorganism quantity,soil enzyme activity andsoil nutrient.The contents of soil organic matter,total N,hydrolyzable N,total P and availableK showed significant or very significant position correlations with soil biological factors,except that soil catalase was negatively correlated with all kinds of soil nutrient contents.Thesoil microorganism quantity also were very significant position correlations with soil enzymeactivity.Correlation analysis and path analysis indicated that in the vineyard intercroppingsystem,soil phosphatase,urease,amylase,actinomyces,bacteria was the most importantfactor affecting the soil fertility,these soil microorganism and soil enzyme were goodassessment indicators of soil fertility,in which,soil bacteria had indirect effect on soilfertility.(4)The localized observation of soil moisture content was carried out in vineyard,theresult showed that cover cropping brought out competition for soil water in the differentrainfall year,the soil moisture content of cover crop treatments was reduced obviously,especially,the water competition was more severe in the year that short soil water storage inwinter and atmospheric drought in spring.Whereas,cover cropping could regulate soil waterand improve utilization ratio of soil water.At the same time,after planting grasses in vineyard,soil physical characteristics were improved,such as soil bulk density decreased by 8.5%～9.8% and soil porosity increased by 11.5%～13.9% in the depth of 0～60 cm comparisedwith bare soil treatment. (5)There are ten monomeric phenols and nine anthocyanins were detected in grape berryand wine of Cabernet Sauvignon with HPLC.Catechin and Mv-3-O-Glu was the mostabundant compound of polyphenol compound and anthocyanin in gape and wine,respectively.The percentage of hydroxybenzoic acids in the total polyphenol content was more higher thanthat of hydroxycinnamic acids.Cover crop system had high monomeric phenol content andtotal phenolic compounds content,the tall fescue treatment had the most obvious effect,secondly,white clover and alfalfa treatments were higher compared to the soil tillage.Inaddtion,Cover crop system increased the total anthocyanin content in order of the fourtreatments:alfalfa,tall fescue,white clover and soil tillage.(6)Aroma compounds of wine were analysed by solid-phase microextraction gaschromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC/MS).47 volatile compounds of wine wereidentified and semi-quantified,especially abundant in esters and higher alcohols,the majorones being Isoamyl alcohol,Isobutyl alcohol,phenylethyl alcohol,hexanol,ethyl acetate,ethyl octanoate,isoamyl acetate and ethyl decanoate.The permanent cover crops increasedtotal content of wine aroma compounds compared to the bare soil.Alfalfa sward was highestfollowed by the tall fescue treatment.Wines made from grapes with different cover cropswere better in aroma compounds,so it can improve the wine quality.(7)Compared to soil tillage,the three cover crop treatments showed a lower total N ofgrape berry and juice,while a higher total N of wine,total content of free amino acid in grapeberry and wine,except total content of amino acid in grape berry was lower in white clovertreatment.Proline was the most abundant amino acid in grape and wine wtih the fourtreatments,it account for 45.94%～56.85 % and 90.11%～92.45% of the total amino acidin grape and wine respectively,in the following,it were lysine,arginine and serine,asparagicacid.Although the total N of grape berry was decreased under cover crop treatments,therewere no differences in duration of alcohol fermentation between treatments because ofincreasing of aminio acid.The color density and tastes of wine were improved significantlyunder green covering.Compared with those of clean tillage,significant difference in grapeand wine configuration,color and aroma occurred.It can be concluded that green coverimproved the quality of grape berry and wine evidently.更多还原