【作者】 高怿；

【导师】 姚先国；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 政治经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 拥有丰富且廉价的劳动力资源一直被认为是中国经济的比较优势之所在,也被认为是中国企业借以维持产品价格优势、参与市场竞争的重要基础。近期,中国劳动力价格的持续上升引起了人们的担忧。有观点认为,这是对中国劳动成本优势的侵蚀,并将使中国经济以及企业总体上陷入发展的困境。然而,劳动力价格具有双重性质:对于企业而言它意味着成本,对于工人而言则形成报酬。劳动成本的变动在本质上反映了不同主体之间的利益分配。竞争压力驱使企业压缩劳动成本,这直接导致了劳动者报酬的增长压抑,使得基础的微观分配结构朝着偏离普通劳动者的一方倾斜。偏斜的分配结构不仅频繁地引发了劳资冲突,还将通过抑制社会的有效需求和人力资本投资对经济增长构成根本性约束。本文从劳动力价格的双重性质出发,尝试通过分析劳动成本变动的经济效应回答三个基本问题,即:当前中国劳动成本水平的增长是否足以令人感到担忧?劳动成本变动影响经济和企业发展的内在机理是什么?劳动者参与经济分享与经济增长和企业发展目标之间是否具有利益一致性?在宏观层面,提高劳动者报酬是经济和社会发展的内在要求。对劳动者报酬水平增长条件下我国单位劳动成本以及相对单位劳动成本水平变动的分析结果表明,劳动成本并非决定经济竞争力的唯一因素,而生产率在劳动成本增长效应的发挥过程中发挥着根本性作用。近年我国FDI流入和出口数据支持了这一结论,而对劳动成本与贸易之间关系的模型分析则对此给出了进一步的印证。同时数据显示,当前中国的劳动成本优势依然较为显著,而未来劳动成本水平仍然具有较大的增长空间。因此,简单地因为劳动者报酬水平上升而感到担忧是没有必要的。经济竞争力指标的实际变动状况表明,劳动者参与经济分享与经济竞争力提升是可以共同实现的目标。在微观层面,本文集中分析劳动成本变动对于企业竞争力和企业发展的影响。劳动密集型鞋产品的出口表明,当前中国企业的产品价格优势十分显著。即使劳动者报酬成本的较快增长完全转入产品价格当中,也不会对当前产品的价格竞争力产生根本性影响。另一方面,即使劳动者报酬成本增长的压力无法通过价格转嫁,劳动力价格的双重性质同样决定了劳动者报酬成本增长与企业竞争力之间并不仅仅简单地表现为此消彼长式的互斥关系。在雇佣契约框架下,劳动者报酬成本变动与企业竞争力演进之间的关系大体遵循两个方向上的逻辑。特别地,劳动者报酬成本增长将对企业的雇用效率形成激励,从而增长的劳动者报酬成本将可从生产效率的提高和对交易费用的节约中得到抵偿。最后,本文基于博弈视角给出了一个关于劳动成本增长效应释放机制的新解释,提出在自由交易的市场环境当中,劳动成本增长的压力将通过所谓“博弈-接受/不接受”机制转化为劳动力市场当中的流动、搜寻和匹配行为以及企业的创新、迁移或者破产行为并最终得到释放。这一分析表明,当前的劳动成本增长可以成为促进企业转换发展模式的契机,而企业与工人之间也可形成和谐的利益分配关系。政府则可以在引导企业科学发展、统一企业与工人之间的利益分配矛盾方面发挥积极的作用。运用大样本数据和案例,本文实证检验了劳动成本增长效应的内在机理,并且证明了企业与工人和谐发展的双赢模式不仅在理论上可行,同时也是现实存在的。本文的创新之处在于,选择从全新的利益分配视角考察当前的劳动成本增长问题。通过计算和比较不同类型劳动成本指标的水平及其变动状况,完整地展示了我国当前的劳动成本优势、未来劳动成本水平的增长空间以及劳动成本变动条件下经济竞争力的实际演进状况。在此基础上,系统地分析了劳动成本增长对于经济和企业竞争力的影响及其作用机理,并最终论证了保护劳动者权益与促进经济和企业发展目标之间具有统一性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Owning abundant and cheap labor resources has been considered as China’s economic comparative advantage. It has also been treated as the important foundation supporting Chinese enterprises to maintain the price advantage of their products and to compete in the market. The recent continuous increase in China’s labor price has aroused some worries. Some people think it will erode China’s labor cost advantage and push the enterprises, and the whole economy, into development predicament. However, labor price has a dual nature: it means the cost to enterprises and the compensation to workers. This decides the change of labor cost reflecting in essence the distribution among different interest bodies. Driven by competitive pressure, enterprises cut down the labor cost. This led directly to the suppression of the growth in workers compensation and the biased micro distribution structure deviating from common workers, which frequently triggers the conflicts between labor and management. Furthermore, the biased distribution structure will inhibit the effective demands as well as the investments in human capital of the whole society, thus constituting a fundamental constraint to economic growth.Based on the dual nature of labor price, this paper tries to answer three basic questions through analyzing the economic effects of the change in labor cost: The first is whether the current increase in China’s labor cost is enough to cause the worry? The second is what is the intrinsic mechanism to the changes in labor cost affecting the developments of the whole economy and enterprises and the? The third is whether there is consistent interest among the goals of labors’ participation in the economic sharing and economic growth and enterprise development?On the macro aspect, it’s the intrinsic requirements of the developments of economy and society to increase labor compensation. The results from the analysis of changes of unit labor cost and relative unit labor cost levels show that productivity plays a fundamental role in the process of labor cost effects. The conclusion is proved in the analysis of China’s FDI inflows and export situation in recent years. It is further confirmed in the analysis based on trade model. Meanwhile, data analysis shows that China’s labor cost advantage is still significant at present and there is still a large room for labor cost increase. Therefore, it is not necessary to worry about the increase simply in labor compensation. The actual changes of competitiveness indicators show that labor’s participation in the economic sharing and enhancement of economic competitiveness can be integrated to achieve the goal.On the micro aspect, the analysis concentrates on the effects of changes in labor costs on the competitiveness of enterprises and their development. The export situation of labor-intensive products such as shoes shows that the Chinese enterprises have significant advantage on the aspect of product price at the present. Even if the quicker increase in labor compensation cost is all transmitted into price, it will not smooth away the advantage of its price competitiveness. On the other hand, even if the pressure of labor compensation cost increasing cannot be transmitted through product price, it’s not a simple rise-exclusive relationship between labor compensation cost and the competitiveness of enterprises due to the dual nature of labor price. Under the contractual framework, the relationship between the changes in labor compensation cost and the evolution of enterprise competitiveness generally follows two-direction logics. In particular, the increase in labor compensation cost will stimulate the efficiency of enterprises’ employment, thus the increase in labor compensation cost can be offset through the enhancement of productivity and the reduction of transaction costs.Finally a new interpretation is offered on release mechanism of the effects of labor cost increasing based on bargaining perspective. In the market environment of free transaction, the pressure of labor cost increasing will be released eventually by so-called "bargain-accept/not-accept" mechanism, which will lead to the turnover, searching and matching in labor market as well as enterprise’s acts of innovation, migration or bankruptcy. This analysis indicates that the current increase in labor cost may motivate the pattern transitions of enterprises’ development and a harmonious relationship between the enterprise and the labor can be achieved. And the government may play an active role in guiding enterprises’ scientific development and harmonizing the conflict of benefit distribution between the enterprise and the labor. Empirical researches, based on the large sample data and the cases of some enterprises, examine the intrinsic mechanism to the effects of labor cost increase and prove that the win-win model of harmonious development between enterprise and workers is not only theoretically possible but exists in reality as well.The paper analyses the problem of current labor cost increase from a new perspective of distribution of interests. The explicit calculation and comparative analysis of several kinds of labor cost index illustrate more completely China’s current labor cost advantage, the growth space of labor cost in the future and the evolution of economic competitiveness under the condition of the labor cost changing .Then a systematic analysis is given of the effects of labor cost increase on competitiveness of economy and enterprises. Finally the unitarity is expounded and proved between improving labor’s benefits and promoting the development goals of economy and enterprises.更多还原