【作者】 周江；

【导师】 王德利； 魏辅文；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 海南黑冠长臂猿是目前世界上最为濒危的灵长类物种,由于近几十年来人类活动的影响,使其种群数量急剧衰退、栖息地面积也急剧缩小。在过去的近47年历史里,只有对这个濒危物种进行了极为有限的研究。因此从2002年8月至2008年的8月,我们在霸王岭国家级自然保护区(19°02′-19°08′N,109°02′-109°13′E)对两群海南黑冠长臂猿进行了野外研究,收集了有关于海南黑冠长臂猿的基本生态学信息:其分类地位、种群数量、食物组成、栖息地植被结构、栖息地选择和利用、繁殖行为、同种间关系、与同域其他物种间的关系等数据,对海南黑冠长臂猿的致危因素做了一个简单的探讨,希望能够为了解这一濒危物种的较为全面的生态信息和如何保护这一濒危物种提供科学合理的建议和依据。本研究获得主要结果如下:1.海南黑冠长臂猿的分类地位:通过对其鸣叫声、成年雌雄性个体外部形态特征及部分解剖学特征,以及传统认为是其下一个亚种的东部黑冠长臂猿进行了全面的比较,并辅之以其他学者在分子生物学上的证据,认为应该赋予海南黑冠长臂猿独立种的分类地位,这样有助于对这个濒危物种开展更为有效的保护。2.海南黑冠长臂猿的历史变迁:通过调查与观测,发现海南黑冠长臂猿之已处于濒危状态,50年内丧失了其99.4%的栖息地,种群数量急剧下降;2008年海南黑冠长臂猿的种群数量只有2个家庭群和5只独猿共20只,并生活在一个面积极小的热带原始林内。长臂猿濒危的原因是由于其栖息地的大规模丧失及人为的猎杀所造成的,海南岛上的原始森林覆盖率由2000年前的95.5%下降到了1999年的4%,而岛上人口则剧增了330%。3.霸王岭海南黑冠长臂猿种群数量特征:通过研究,霸王岭国家级自然保护区的海南黑冠长臂猿同分布于岛内其他地区的同伴的一样,也经历了种群数量急剧下降的这样一个阶段,但即使在建立保护区之后,该物种的种群数量恢复的速度极为缓慢,并且近20年的时间里,没有见到有新的家庭群的建立,而原来所记录的家庭群却消失了两个。目前活动于栖息地内的独猿的组成是三雄二雌。4.海南黑冠长臂猿栖息地植被结构分析:霸王岭现存的海南黑冠长臂猿的栖息地的植物群落总体上是热带落叶阔叶季雨林,并表现出一定的垂直地带性分布,海南黑冠长臂猿现在所活动的地方的植被类型应该是热带山地常绿林;其植物组成中,有着非常明显的优势种群,并且可以划分出五个植物群系。海南黑冠长臂猿的主要栖息地在海拔800-1000 m的沟谷,即生物多样性指数最高的地方;该范围内的主成分多为长臂猿喜食植物。5.海南黑冠长臂猿的食物组成:海南黑冠长臂猿摄食植物隶属49科77属122种,雨季摄食植物有36科53属83种,其中乔木占83.1%,藤本占15.7%,草本占1.2%,食物组成中果实占90.4%-91.6%,嫩叶占7.2%-8.4%,花占1.2%。显示海南黑冠长臂猿的食物组成与其他种类长臂猿有很大差别,尤其是榕属植物,海南黑冠长臂猿采食的榕属植物种数较少。海南黑冠长臂猿主要食物隶属桑科、桃金娘科、番荔枝科、樟科、大戟科、杜英科等。旱季(1-6月)摄食植物隶属31科64种,其中乔木占79.7%,藤本占15.6%,草本占4.7%,旱季食物组成中果实占77.9-82.8%,嫩叶占17.6.18.8%,花占4.4-4.7%。6.海南黑冠长臂猿对于栖息地的选择和利用:海南黑冠长臂猿主要选择栖息地内海拔800-900 m地段进行活动,该处的植物群落中的生物多样性指数最高,对地形因素中的坡度和坡向没有表现出选择性,海南黑冠长臂猿栖息地的海拔高度应该在中低地的雨林条件下更为合适。海南黑冠长臂猿A群的家域面积是978hm~2,B群的家域面积是584 hm~2。海南黑冠长臂猿的日移动距离在旱季和雨季有着明显的差异,旱季的移动距离要大于雨季的移动距离。同时,海南黑冠长臂猿喜欢选择高大乔木作为移动和休息的场所。7.海南黑冠长臂猿的繁殖行为:海南黑冠长臂猿的交配行为是由雌性成年个体发起的,每一次交配行为的持续时间非常短,并且交配次数可以从1次到9次不等;交配姿势为爬胯式。雌性成年个体在怀孕期间也可以发生交配行为。同时,长臂猿孕期至少为173天,长臂猿出生后必须要到1岁半的时候才能完全离开母体独自活动。另外,海南黑冠长臂猿的生殖间隔是两年,生育高峰期应该是在每一年的雨季。现存的海南黑冠长臂猿的社会结构是一夫二妻制的。8.海南黑冠长臂猿同种相遇的行为:现存的两群海南长臂猿之间的相遇行为不同于其它长臂猿,在海南长臂猿的相遇行为中,我们只观察到了雌雄性成年个体和雄性亚成体以及青年雄性个体之间的鸣叫和追逐行为,而没有发现的两群体成员间的玩耍和理毛行为,更没有偷情行为和激烈打斗行为的存在,即只存在着鸣叫行为和竞争性行为。同时,海南长臂猿相遇的持续时间也不像其它种类的长臂猿那样长,只有24-51分钟。另外,也没有发生打斗行为。对于海南长臂猿雌雄性成年个体在群体相遇时的行为,它们对其领域的保护,而未成年个体则是通过参与这种追逐方式学习如何保护自己今后的领域。9.海南黑冠长臂猿与同域其他物种相遇的行为:野外观察海南长臂猿对于非同种物种相遇时的一系列反应,包括非人类捕食者、人类捕食者和相同生态位竞争种类。在遇到人类观察者后,根据观察距离远近的不同,以及观察次数和时间的不断增加,海南黑冠长臂猿对于人类的反应也随之不同;同时,携带有幼猿的母猿在遇到观察者时的反应随着幼猿的年纪的不断长大也有所不同。海南长臂猿与相同生态位竞争种相遇时,都被雄性海南长臂猿,尤其是青年雄性个体驱赶出它们的采食区域。海南长臂猿无论是在遇到捕食者还是食物竞争种类时,雄性成年个体起着保护家族群成员和保护资源的主要作用。10.海南长臂猿的声讯行为:海南黑冠长臂猿的声音结构不同于任何一种长臂猿,是长臂猿中最为简单的鸣叫声,据此海南黑冠长臂猿应该是长臂猿科中原始的种类。它们的鸣叫声据不同的生态学意义可以划分为以下五种类型:1)领域性宣告;2)召唤性鸣叫;3)成年雌雄性各自的独唱;4)预警性叫声;5)示威性叫声。海南黑冠长臂猿是一个极危独立种,通过运用GIS技术分析灵长类动物对栖息地的选择和利用,发现了长臂猿对于栖息地资源利用的重复性,还发现了灵长类动物有可能为了避免资源的竞争,对其出生的后代进行了性别选择。据此,揭示了海南黑冠长臂猿的关键致危因素是:栖息地的破坏和人为的捕猎。恢复和改善海南黑冠长臂猿的栖息条件是保护这一濒危物种的首要之举。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hainan gibbon is the most endangered primates’ species in the world now.Because the disturbance of human beings decades,the population of Hainan gibbon declined rapidly,meanwhile,the habitat shrinking continued.As so far,there was a few ecological information or data we knew.During the past four decades,only a few studies on this endangered species were conducted.We conducted the field research on this endangered species in Bawangling National Nature Reserve from August 2002 to September 2007,collected the basic ecological data of this species,such as:the taxonomy,population dynamic,food composition,the vegetation structure of habitat, and how this species selected and used the habitat,reproduction behavior,the relationship between the inter-group encounters of gibbon and the relationship between the gibbon and the other sympatric species.We hope can learn the comprehensive ecological information and provide the scientific suggestions and practice on the surviving of this endangered species.The main results were as followings:1.The taxonomy of Hainan gibbon:The taxonomic status of two crested gibbon taxa - Nomascus sp.cf.nasutus hainanus from Hainan Island,China and Nomascus sp. cf.nasutus from northeast Vietnam is clarified by compared the vocal behavior and the morphology of the two gibbons.The Hainan gibbon,also distributed to east of the Red River,was historically assigned to one species,N.concolor,and have only recently been recognized as one subspecies of the Eastern black crested gibbon N.sp. cf.nasutus.The study,based on their vocal and pelage differences,and the molecular evidence additional,shows that they are distinctive,and herein revalidate the Hainan endemic taxa as Nomascus hainanus and independent species,and deserve the most urgent conservation efforts.2.The historical changes on Halnan gibbon:Census data show that populations of the species used to occur across the whole island,but in 2008 only 20 individuals could be found,confined to a small region,the Bawangling Natural Reserve(19°02′-19°08′N and 109°02′-109°13′E),in the western part of the island,covering only 14-16 km~2.In other words,about 99%of the habitat has vanished in the past 300 years.Such dramatic change has pushed the species to the edge of extinction;Total 20 individuals included only 2 groups and 5 solitary adult males,remained in 2008.The dramatic decline in the gibbon population has occurred due to vegetation reduction, ecological deterioration and extensive human impact.The forest cover was reduced from 95.5%2000 years ago to just 4%in 1999;and the human population in 2003 was 330%larger than in 1950.3.The population character of Hainan gibbon in Bawangling National Nature Reserve:The population of Hainan gibbon which distributed in Bawangling area was same as the other distributed areas in Hainan Island,also experienced the rapid decline at the same time.According the filed study,there are 20 individuals lived in Bawangling now,but the population restoration speed is very slowly,and the saddest thing is no new family group had been set up for a decade years.There are 5 solitary gibbons also lived in Bawangling,the composition is 3 adult males and 2 adult females.4.The vegetation structure of the habitat of Hainan gibbon:The vegetation was the tropical monsoon defoliation forest,and showed the vertical zonal distribution.The vegetation structure selected by Hainan gibbon belonged to mountainous ever green forest,and there were dominant species group among the vegetation composition, which could be divided into five plant formation.It showed that the highest biodiversity index is in the valley of 900-1000 m;meanwhile,there were the most principle component of plant species were eaten by Hainan gibbons.5.The food composition of Hainan gibbon:The total plants species are 122 species,72 genus and 49 families which eaten by the Hainan gibbons,there were 83 species 53 genus and 36 families belong to the rain season foods of Hainan gibbons, the ratio of arbors is 83.1%,the vines are 15.7%and the herbs are 1.2%.The percentage of fruits is from 90.4%to 91.6%,and the young leaves are from 7.2%to 8.4%,the flowers are 1.2%.There are great differences of the food compositions among the Hainan gibbon and the other gibbon species,especially for the ficus fruit. The mainly plant families are Moraceae,Myrtaceae,Annonaceae,Lauraceae, Euphorblaceae,Elaeocarpaceae and so on,which eaten by Hainan gibbon.There were 64 species 31 families plants were recorded,which were eaten by Hainan black-crested gibbon(N.hainanus) in dry season.The life form of the food plants could be divided into arbor(79.7%),vine(15.6%) and herb(4.7%),the components of the dry season were fruits(77.9-82.8%),young leave(17.6-18.8%) and flowers (4.4-4.7%). 6.The selective and utilize on habitat of Hainan gibbon:Hainan gibbon utilized the middle and low area is more suitable habitat for this species,they just utilized the 800-1000 m channels frequently in their current habitat,where diversity and density of fruiting trees is greatest.They did not show the selective on the slope direction and the gradient,and the lowland forests may be the suitable habitat.The home range area of Hainan gibbon is very bigger than the other gibbon species,group A was estimated to be 978 ha,group B was estimated to be 584 ha,this related with the food resource distributed in the habitat unevenly.The ranging distance of Hainan gibbon had a obvious difference between the wet and dry season,the distance in dry season was longer than the wet season’s,this may be explained by Hainan gibbon was depend on the fruit as their main food,the observation also testified this point.It showed Hainan gibbon also likes select the higher arbor as their rest and move location.7.The reproductive behavior of Hainan gibbon:Receptive females initiated courtship displays.Copulatory pattems involved the male mounting dorso-ventrally from above and behind.Multiple intromissions with thrusting were brief,lasting＜10 s per copulation.We also observed post-conception proceptivity and copulations in sexually active females.It estimated the gestation period to be 173 d at least.Infants became independent at 1.5 year.The inter-birth interval is ca.24 too.It also suggested that mating activities peak in the rainy season.The Hainan gibbons are polygynous, with a 1 male-2 females mating system.8.Responses to inter-group encounters of the Hainan Gibbon:It showed there were two kinds behavior occurred the encounters between the inter-groups of Hainan gibbon,vocal encounters and agonistic encounters happened between adult females, male sub-adults and male juveniles.The behavior of inter-group encounters of Hainan gibbons were not same as the other gibbon species,no fighting among Hainan gibbon, and not such behaviors as play and grooming,even the extra-group-copulations, meanwhile,the encounters time was shorter than other gibbon species.It suggested the behavior of the adult males was for the sake of protecting their territoriality,and by the way of chasing among under age individuals could make then learn how to protect their future territoriality.9.Responses to inter-species encounters of the Hainan Gibbon:It showed that there were different responses among the human and nonhuman predators’ and competitors’ encounters of Hainan gibbon.The Hainan gibbons showed the discrepancy responses with the times increasing and the different distances between the human,meanwhile,the reactions of the adult females were different under the condition whether they had baby or not and the aging of the baby.When they met human beings,the adults selected to escape,but the juvenile would like to attack the snake or play with this animal.Hainan gibbons usually drive the other competitor species off the same food resource,but the juveniles did this frequently,just like the squirrel.In general,the adult male of the family was the protector of the group members and the food resource.10.The vocal behaviors of Hainan gibbons:The vocal behavior of Hainan gibbon was different with all the known gibbon species,and it was the simplest song among the Hylobatidae,so this species maybe the original taxon among the gibbons.The vocal behaviors can be divided into five types according to the ecological meanings:1) the territory advertisement duet,2) the summon call,3) the adult male or female’s solo call,4) the forewarn call,5) the alarming call.Hainan gibbon is the most endangered independent primate species in the world. The study is the first time to use the GIS technology on the primates’ habitat study, and found the gibbon utilizes the resource repeatedly.We found the reduction of habitat and the hunting was the main endangered factors,which shows it is the most important that restores and improves the current habitat for Hainan gibbons.更多还原