【作者】 何洋；

【导师】 石岩；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 射箭运动是我国传统的竞技体育运动项目,虽然多次在奥运会等世界重大赛事中取得过较好的成绩,但仍与世界主要竞争对手存在一定差距,出现“有高原,无高峰,实力有提高,大赛无突破”的尴尬局面,如何实现射箭项目成绩的再提高以及可持续发展,需要我们从更高的层次,更广的角度再认识射箭项目的基本特征,加强科学选材,完善训练监控,提高优秀射箭运动员训练的科学化程度。现代射箭比赛的激烈竞争,对运动员中枢神经系统将会产生持续的高强度刺激。射箭运动是技心能类项目,整个训练和比赛过程中都要求具有高度的注意力,灵敏准确的本体感觉,神经对肌肉在时间和空间上精确的支配,对运动场上瞬息万变的情况快速做出准确反应、良好的信息处理和果断决策、高应激状况下能力的正常发挥以及负荷后的抗肌肉疲劳等,所有这些都取决于运动员脑机能状况的好坏。调节脑机能,防止中枢疲劳发生,对射箭运动员改善感觉机能,保证技术动作质量,调节参赛心理状态有积极的作用。因此,加强射箭运动员脑机能特征的认识是我们确立新的训练指导思想、改进训练方法与手段、提高训练质量的基础。脑电图是一种随时间变化的随机信号,它是评价脑功能状态的一种敏感指标。已被用于医学临床、心理学、认知科学和运动训练,它是我们探索脑机能特点的有效手段。本研究在广泛调查的基础上,采用脑电图、脑电地形图、脑象图、脑波超慢涨落等技术,长期系统地跟踪国家备战奥运会的集训队,进一步深化认识射箭项目“快速、稳定、准确”的基本特征,为提高射箭项目科学化训练奠定了一定基础。开展了以下内容的研究:(1)我国优秀射箭运动员脑功能特征的研究;(2)我国优秀射箭运动员冬训期间脑机能变化的研究;(3)我国大龄射箭运动员脑电特征的研究;(4)优秀射箭运动员大赛前脑机能特点的研究;(5)我国优秀射箭运动员赛前焦虑与恐惧脑象图特征的研究;(6)我国优秀射箭运动员脑电选材的研究;(7)国家射箭队备战奥运会重点运动员脑电数据库的建立。本研究从认识论的角度,根据国家射箭队备战奥运会的实际情况和脑电图技术特点,综合运用了文献法、访谈法、个案研究法及数理统计法等研究方法在训练实践中不断探索、验证和深化对优秀射箭运动员脑电图特征的认识,得出以下结论:1.对国家射箭运动员冬训后期脑电图、脑电地形图进行比较研究。结果表明:健将组运动员大脑神经系统机能状态最佳,神经调控能力强。该组运动员对冬训后期的训练负荷较适应;国际健将组运动员大脑神经系统专项特征明显,但存在一定的神经疲劳,表现在恢复期出现明显的大脑失衡现象;一级组表象时兴奋易扩散,α波指数适应性明显下降,β指数明显上升,国际健将组和一级组都不能及时恢复,尤其在过度换气后的恢复期θ波指数明显增多;通过脑电图检测指标与人体平衡能力指标相关分析,发现运动员表象竞赛时大脑顶区左右α波差值与人体平衡能力存在相关关系,国际健将组大脑顶区α波差值优于其他组。可用于射箭运动员竞技状态的诊断和选材。2.冬训期间大负荷量低强度专项训练阶段,射箭运动员的中枢神经系统会由兴奋转向抑制;而在冬训期间小负荷量高强度专项训练阶段,由于训练的负荷强度增加以及运动员注意力高度集中,中枢神经系统的兴奋性会随之增高;冬训期间射箭运动员脑电图功率谱比值随专项负荷量与强度的变化增高或降低。专项负荷训练课后,射箭运动员顶枕区双侧α频段脑电功率值有下降趋势,而中央回双侧β频段脑电功率值有上升趋势,且差异有显著性。上述三项指标可用于射箭运动员冬训期间运动负荷监控。为便于训练监控,建立了优秀射箭运动员冬训期间脑电主要指标评价参考标准:以2003年至2004年国家射箭队备战雅典奥运会部分重点运动员冬训不同阶段的各项脑电指标的最低值、平均值和最高值作为3个参照点,确定国家射箭队运动员个人脑电敏感指标参考范围,通过实际测试值与上述评价标准、个人参考范围的对比分析,可以判断训练后的疲劳和恢复情况,并提供客观和个性化的诊断依据。3.脑电α波能够客观地反映个体大脑的生理成熟过程,可以将其作为衡量大脑发育和成熟程度的主要指标。大龄射箭运动员脑电α波的各指标在安静状态下与适龄运动员之间差异不显著,与年龄增长无相关。他们之间的差异主要在过度换气后的恢复阶段。大龄运动员在负荷刺激下,无法像适龄运动员那样在短时间内恢复到正常安静状态水平。因此,在制定训练计划时应充分考虑大龄射箭运动员的这一特点,合理安排训练的强度以及训练中的间歇时间,同时还应加强积极性恢复手段的运用:在α波抑制程度、功率谱比值以及α波前移指数比较中,大龄运动员由于专项训练水平较高、时间长,在脑电特征方面更具有专项特点。4.运动员表象时大脑神经系统内环境稳定机制被打破,中枢神经抑制性增强。过度换气状态后期慢波化现象出现,中枢神经抑制性增强,大脑功率谱比值上升。停止过度换气的恢复期(30sec),参加测试的运动员脑电慢波即刻消失,说明运动员具有良好的适应力和调节能力:α波抑制程度、功率谱比值是监测运动员赛前状态的脑电主要指标,通过对三次国际比赛上述两项指标的对比分析发现,虽然参赛运动员在奥运会成绩最好,两项指标值却是最低,但三次国际比赛两项监测指标差异无显著性,而且三次比赛的监测值都在警戒值范围内。说明加强赛前脑机能调节至关重要,应加强监测次数,寻找每个运动员的最佳调节点,同时注意调节措施的合理使用,减轻参赛运动员的心理压力,提高参赛的综合能力,寻求竞技能力的新突破;专项训练对射箭运动员大脑的刺激有特异性。射箭项目运动员最佳竞技状态脑电功率谱比值低于射击,而α波抑制程度高于射击运动员,说明在诊断运动员竞技状态时要科学地借鉴其它项目的评价标准,不可盲目使用;射箭运动员赛前脑机能水平对射箭比赛成绩有一定影响,但存在个体差异。一味提高射箭运动员赛前的α波抑制程度、功率谱比值并不能有效地提高运动员在比赛场上的水平发挥,应加强每一名运动员临界水平的监测,科学确定每一名运动员的临界值,特别要注意老运动员的赛前脑神经调节,使他们能够正常发挥;射箭成绩在660环以上高水平运动员表象状态时心理能量基本趋于稳定、动作协调、时间空间感觉均衡、注意力集中。运动员赛前脑机能指标可作为她们(国家射箭女队重点运动员)备战北京奥运会的诊断标准,也可作为其她运动员的参考值。5.应用脑电图(EEG)与脑象图(EEQG)技术,使用新的自发性脑电信号编辑模式,对我国优秀射箭运动员进行动态追踪研究,旨在探索一种能够直接反映射箭运动员赛前焦虑与恐惧情绪的判识方法。结果发现:不同性别射箭运动员两种特异性脑象图之间出现次数并无明显的差异。优秀射箭运动员出现的赛前紧张往往是恐惧情绪,其特异性图形为缩结型脑象图。一般射箭运动员出现的赛前紧张主要是焦虑情绪,其特异性图形为逃逸型脑象图。脑电图与脑象图的应用对优秀射箭运动员的赛前调控具有重要价值。6.①本研究对我国173名优秀射箭运动员进行了脑机能指标的选材测试和评价,其中包括国家集训队32名运动员,省市队141名运动员,跟踪监控了我国雅典奥运会参赛选手。经多次筛选,建立了我国优秀射箭运动员科学选材的脑电指标体系;②进一步完善了优秀射箭运动员选材测试方法。在选材测试的基础上,制定出我国优秀射箭运动员脑电选材指标评价标准。③在筛选选材指标时将射箭比赛成绩作为逐步回归的因变量,脑电指标作为自变量,计算结果也同时反映了影响射箭成绩的主要因素4项脑电指标:④通过选材研究进一步验证了优秀射箭运动员脑电特征的核心指标即大脑功率谱比值、α波前移指数、α波抑制程度,为进一步深化研究射箭运动员脑电特征奠定了基础。7.建立国家射箭队备战奥运会重点运动员脑电数据库,完善训练监控体系,为优秀运动员个性化训练服务。8.通过以上七项研究,我国优秀射箭运动员现阶段脑机能特征为注意力高度集中、中枢神经疲劳耐受能力强、中枢神经应激水平高、平衡能力好、赛前脑象图为缩结型等特点。并初步确定5项指标:α波抑制程度、脑电功率谱能量比值、α波前移指数、大脑顶区左右α波差值、脑象图特征图形是脑电反映射箭运动员特征比较敏感、稳定、核心的脑电指标。其中大脑顶区左右α波差值、脑象图特征图形在定性分析中使用较多,当然由于我们监测的运动员有限,这只是初步研究.仍需要今后进一步探索研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Archery is a traditional competitive sports in china, although we have got lots of price in world class games, there still is a long way to catch up with archery power. There is embarrassed situation just like "strength improved, but no elevation in great match". how to achieve a higher degree and keep a sustainable development, it need us to know the basic features of archery in higher level and wider attitude, and then increase the science degree of archery athlete training.The fierce competition of modern archery has got the long and high stimulation to athlete’s central nervous system. The archery is a heart-technique project, the entire training and competition request you to highly concentrate your attentions, maintain the accurate proprioception, do the precise control of nerve to muscle in time and space, fast do the information processing and make accurate response to the changing situation , and making decision quickly , be sure that had normal display under the high stress condition of the field, avoid muscular fatigue and so on, all these lie on the condition of athlete’s brain function. Prevention of CNS fatigue has the positive effect on improving the athlete’s sense functions, guaranteeing the technical movement and competition mental adjustment.Therefore, this research basing on the widespread investigation, uses the technologies of EEG, brain topographic mapping, EPQG and brain fluctuation, long-term tracks the national team to prepare for Olympic Games, made profound understanding on the essential features that belong to archery project—"fast, stable, accurate", and has laid certain foundation for the archery training guiding principle, the athlete scientific material and training monitoring innovation. The following research was carried out: (1) research on brain function features of elite archery athlete in China;(2) research on brain function change of Chinese elite archery athlete in winter training; (3) research on brain electricity features of elder archery athlete in China; (4) research on brain function feature of elite archery athlete before great game; (5) research on fear EPQG features and pre-competition anxiety of elite archery athlete in China;(6) research on elite archery brain electricity selection in China.According to the epistemology, the national archery team prepared for Olympic Games’ actual situation and the EEG technology characteristic, with the method of documents, interview, case study and mathematical statistics, this research made study on the cognition of EEG features for elite archery athletes, obtained the following conclusions:1. Make comparative research on EEG and BEAM for the athlete in national team at the later period of winter training later. The result indicated: The group of master sportsman got the best brain nervous system function condition and nerve regulation ability. This group of athletes adapts to training load of the later winter training period; this group got the obvious specific feature of brain nerve system, but had certain CNS fatigue. The brain unbalanced phenomenon obviously came out during the recovery period; When first-level group representation excited easy to proliferate, a wave index compatibility obvious drop,βindex obvious rise, cannot restore promptly, especially in the recovery period after excessive breathθwave index increase obviously.2. The monitor to national archery team preparing Athens Olympic Games during winter training indicated that ,after specific load training session, the a frequency band brain electric power value in bilateral the right flank of athlete’s pillow area had the declining trend. Butβfrequency band brain electric power value had the trend of escalation, and had significant feature, the specific training session has certain influence to CNS function; during the low-load special training stage in winter training, the archery athlete’s central nervous system will change from excitement to inhibition; But during high-load special training stage in winter training, because of the increase in training load intensity and athlete’s attention highly concentrated, central nervous system’s excitability will be enhanced; the EEG indexes of athlete had individual difference, we should make systematic trace analysis.3. The brain electricity a wave can reflect objectively individual brain’s physical maturity process, and we can take it as the main index to weight the degree of brain growth and mature degree. Brain electricityαwaves’ various index of elder archery athlete and athlete of right age had no remarkable difference under the peaceful condition, no correlation with age growth. The main difference was on the excessive breath stage. Elder athlete can not restore to peaceful condition level in a short timelike the athlete of right age. Therefore, when setting a training plan should consider fully elder archery athlete’s characteristic, arrange proper training intensity and training rest, meanwhile we should strengthen the use of enthusiasm restoring method; in the index comparison of brain awaken level, power spectrum ratio andαwave moving ahead, because of high training level, elder ethlete has the special characteristic of EEG.4. In image condition, environment stable mechanism of athlete’s nerve system was broken under load states, central nerve system suppressant enhanced. Slow wave phenomenon appears at the later time of excessive air exchange, central nerve system suppressant enhanced, brain power spectrum ratio rised. During the recovery period (30sec) of stopping excessive air exchange, slow EEG wave of the athlete instantly disappeared, showed that the athlete had good adaptive faculty and adjustment ability. The specific training has difference to archery athlete brain’s stimulation. Best athletic state brain electric power spectrum ratio of archery athlete was lower than the shooting’s, but higher in brain awaken level, it showed that diagnosing athletic state of athletes must scientifically use other projects’s evaluation criteria for reference, cannot use blindly. The archery athlete brain function’s level places certain influence to the match result, but has the individual difference. It is useless to blindly improve brain awaken level and brain electric power spectrum ratio of pre-competition to improve the competition result. Enhance critical level monitoring of the archery athlete and set critical for every ethlete. In the image condition, athletes above 660 links kept a good state in psychological energy, movement, time and space sense and attentions. The brain function index of pre-competiton can be the standard of to evaluate preparation effect for Beijing Olympic Games of key athletes in national team, also for other athletes.5. EEG and EPQG technology, using new spontaneous brain electrical signal editing pattern, conducts the dynamic tracing research to Chinese elite archery athlete. The purpose of this research is to explore a kind of method for distinguishing pre-competition anxiety and fear feeling of archery athlete. The result showed: two kind of specificity EEG of archery athlete of the presents the number of times and weak difference. The pre-competition anxiety of elite archery athlete is always fear feeling, its specificity graph attempts likely for constringency EEG. Generally the archery athlete: appears intensely is mainly anxiety, its specificity graph attempts likely for the escape EEG. The application of EEG and EPQG has the important value to the elite archery athlete’s pre-competition regulation.6. Did test of function, quality, technology and psychology to 173 male and female athletes from national, provincial and municipal archery team, mainly analyzed the features of archery athlete’s brain function, took the athletes from national team that prepared Athens Olympic Games as a foundation, established high-level athlete competitive ability structural model and the selection evaluation criteria, and has carried on back substitution test to the partial athletes.7. Establishment EEG database of key athletes in national archery team of preparing for the Olympic Games, provide personalization training services for elite athlete.8. Through seven research we investigated, five index including brain awaken level, spectrum energy ratio,αwave preceding index,αwave difference of top pillow area was found out, these were the key and stable index to reflect EEG features of archery athletes, and a wave difference of top pillow area were qualitative index. Because the monitoring of athletes was limited, it needed further investigation.更多还原