张溥研究

【作者】 陆岩军；

【导师】 骆玉明；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 张溥是晚明复社著名领袖、社会活动家、学者、文学家,在明末颇有影响。但是,由于党争及禁书等社会政治原因的干扰,以及由此带来的著作散佚等文献方面的限制,使得长期以来张溥研究较为沉寂。张溥研究专著阙如。众多文学史、文学批评史著作对张溥或略为勾勒,或一笔带过。这种研究的沉寂恰与张溥在明末的影响形成了强烈的反差。因此,对张溥的全面研究显得很有必要。本论文在阅读张溥全部文集及其他相关文献的基础上,对张溥生平、交游、思想、著述、影响和意义予以全面考察,力图对其诗文成就及社会活动的意义给出较为客观的评价和定位,以期填补相关研究空白,细化晚明文学的研究。论文由绪论、正文(凡五章)、结语和附录四个部分组成。绪论。含对明代诗文研究的思考、研究综述、张溥生活的时代等三个部分,以之作为本文的研究背景和基础。第一章,张溥生平考述。以时期为纲,以事件为目,分四个时期及三十二个小专题考述张溥生平,旨在还原史实,知人论世。第二章,张溥思想探析。首先揭示其思想产生的社会背景、社会风尚、社会思潮,然后从如下四个方面探析其思想:(1)在人生观、价值观、伦理观方面,张溥以圣人、君子、大儒为理想人格,以道德、气节为价值追求,以人伦亲情、朋友同人之义为其行事的出发点;持正统的儒家观点,主张积极用世。(2)在社会、政治思想方面,主张致君泽民,表现出以泽民为特征的民本思想;主张任贤去邪,兴利除弊;华夷之辨甚严,具有强烈的现实针对性;重视个人的价值,持男女平等思想。(3)在学术思想方面,尊经重史,期复古道,同时又持变化之观点;主张用世传世救世;主张分类治学,强本务根,由博返约;对佛道二教予以反对和批判。(4)在文学思想方面,主张文以载道,文质相符;主张“居今之世”,必须“为今之言”;主张文章须有气致与情思;以“雅”为评价古文的主要标准。推重温柔敦厚的诗教,但又强调应“温柔敦厚而不愚”;论诗时着眼于才力、性情、学问和世运等几个方面,特别强调性情。第三章,张溥散文研究。含散文分类研究和散文艺术特点分析两部分。张溥以散文见长,其散文按文体大致分为题词、序跋、尺牍、记传、祭文墓志、论说等六类。题词将品人论文融合为一,处处洞见卓识,篇篇新见迭出。又于其中寄予深沉感慨,多用史家之笔法,颇似史论。其序跋深于论人,表现出典雅的风格。其尺牍少做作,真实地反映了其想法。其记体代表作,首属《五人墓碑记》,历来为文家所推重。其祭文中虽不乏应酬之作,但为其挚友之母及东林党人魏大中等所写的祭文,内容充实,感情真挚,可谓佳作。张溥集中亦有大量论说类散文,主要为史论和时论,集中表现了对历史与现实的反思和批判。张溥散文表现出融经洽史、长于议论、慷慨激昂等艺术特点。第四章,张溥诗歌研究。含诗歌分类研究和诗歌艺术特点分析两部分。张溥不以诗名,然好咏不辍,集中现有诗歌五卷,凡八百七十四首。其诗歌按内容大致分为送别怀人、乐府艳歌、哀挽怀古、记游题画四类。张溥重视朋友之义,故其送别怀人诗,大多写得情感诚挚。其哀挽诗,写得亦沉痛感人,哀悼对象除亲友外,还包括名将、忠臣和富有传奇色彩的才女。其记游诗中亦有一些佳作。其题画诗,短小精练,用语清新。张溥诗歌表现出诗风趋于平易、取法对象多元、风格多样等艺术特点。与竟陵派幽僻峭诡诗风不尽相同,表现出欲对竟陵诗风进行拨正的意图。第五章,张溥的影响和意义。从社会活动、政治斗争、文学文献、学风等四个方面论述其影响和意义。认为(1)创建了中国古代第一大文社,培养、团结、奖掖了一大批优秀士人,在中国古代社团史上具有重要的影响和意义。(2)与阉党权奸展开斗争,显示出士人高度的责任感、正义感和节操。(3)通过交游、社集、选文,对文学活动起到了极大的促进作用,同时其作品摹写时事,议论纵发,感情诚挚,在文学史上占有一席之地,其收集整理汉魏六朝百三家集,在文献传承上亦颇有意义。(4)其倡导的实学风气对清代学风具有一定影响,张溥既是实学风气的倡导者和力行者,亦是明清学术转变的重要过渡者之一。结语。张溥是明末文学中一个不可或缺的关键点,明人对此其实已有明确的表述。然而清人出于种种非文学和非学术的原因,却将这个点抹去了,现在通过研究,我们将之又重新确定出来。我们认为,将张溥列入明代文学最后一个发展阶段的代表人物之一是适当的,以晚明而言,张溥“已足笼盖一代,为文苑之杰”。艾南英、张溥、陈子龙、夏完淳应该是明末文学中被并列提及的四家。附录。含著述考证与提要(附作品禁毁调查)、年谱简编两个部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhang Pu was the famous leader of Fushe (复社) , social activist, scholar and writer of late Ming Dynasty. He has great influence in the movement of Fushe as well as in other academic and literature activities. But, affected by political reasons such as the Party Contention in late Ming Dynasty and the ban of most of his works, research on Zhang Pu has been inactive in a long time.There has been no academic book of research on Zhang Pu completely. The common treatise of Zhang is wanting. Many books on history of literature and literary criticism history did no more than drawing the outline of Zhang or just mentioning him a little. The lack of research on Zhang Pu formed intense contrast with his great influence and eminent position in late Ming Dynasty,Thus necessitates a full-scale study of Zhang. On the basis of reading all the works of Zhang and other relevant sources, by means of studying Zhang’s life, friends, thoughts, works, influence and value thoroughly, the author tries to give out comparatively objective valuation and accurate allocation of Zhang’s literature achievements and social activities, fill in a relevance studying blank space and push forward literature research of late Ming Dynasty further. The paper is composed of four parts: introduction,text, concluding remarks and appendix.As the research background and common basis, the introduction contains three parts: the reflection of the late Ming Dynasty literature, the summary of research on Zhang, and the times when Zhang lived.The text contains five chapters in total. Chapter 1 is the introduction and research of Zhang’s life. It is divided into four periods. It also contains 32 special topics studying Zhang’s life which aim at recovering the historical truth and helping understand the Zhang’s better.Chapter 2 discusses Zhang’s thoughts from four aspects: outlook on life, values and ethics; thoughts about society and politics; academic thoughts ; thoughts about literature. In the first aspect, Zhang’s ideal personality was to be a sage, gentleman and great Confusion. He pursued morality and integrity, and cherished the love of consanguineous family and the loyalty of friends as the foundation of his behavior. In the second one, he proposed to win over the emperor and to be of benefit to the people. He suggested to nominate the virtuous and depose the wicked, to do the good and abolish the bad. He had a strict differentiation on Hua (the Han people) and Yi (the barbarian people), which has much realistic meaning in that time. He attached great importance to individual value and thought both men and women were equal. In the third one, he paid homage to the Confucian classics and valued history. He struggled to revive the old convention while hold a feasible viewpoint; he argued that scholarism should be utilized and spread in reality to heal the society. He proposed to divide the academic research into different categories. He suggested strengthen the root of study, do deep and specific study after far going reading. He opposed and criticized Buddhism and Taoism. In the fourth one, he argued that the root of literature lied in Tao, which meant the Confucian classics. He claimed that one should "talk about the contemporary things" as long as the "lived in the contemporary world". He emphasized the true feelings and focused on talent. Personality, learning and times as for poetry criticism. He appreciated the tradition of ShiJing which valued tenderness and moderate in poetry writing while pointed out that it should be "tender and moderate, but not undiversified." He thought literature was meant to convey the Confucian values, it should be both meaningful and elegant. A good literature works should be highly conceptive, moving, and full of vigour. His iterion of writing criticism is whether it was Refined.Chapter 3, research on Zhang’s prose. It contains two parts: research based on categories, and analysis on artistic characteristics. Zhang specialized in prose writing. His prose can be classified into six categories according to style: inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, epistles, biography, argumentations. Inscriptions combine criticism of both the articles and the writers. As for the writers, he figured out their times and lives to get a vivid impression and compared them with other writers of the same times or of the genres in history. As for the articles, he traced back to their origins and followed their branches, indicated their characteristics and brought them into comparison from different aspects. He displayed his acute insight and innovative viewpoints in all these inscriptions. On the other hand, he reposed his own feelings in them by means of using a method of Chinese traditional historiography which implied the attitude of the historiographers in the narration of history. He examined and reanalyzed historical facts of that time, which made his essays somehow like history arguments. Zhang’s prefaces and postscripts sum to 15 rolls, which made up of the mass of his collection. Zhang followed a principle of "proper" and "downright" when writing prefaces, so they came out to bear a refined style and were good at criticizing people. Zhang’s epistles often dealt with his thoughts and truly reflected his thinking, they are often full of sincerity and showed no affectation. Zhang’s most representative and well-known biography writing was On the grave of five .Among Zhang’s elegiac addresses, there was some articles written merely for social purpose, but the elegiac addresses he wrote for his best friend’s mother and Wei Dazhong were excellent with true feelings and substantial content. The great amount of argumentation writings in Zhang’s collection----most of which are history criticism and current affairs criticism show his reflection and criticism on history and reality. The artistic characteristics of Zhang’s prose lie mainly in combination of Confucian classics and history, outstanding argument and impassioned writing style.Chapter 4, research on Zhang’s poetry. It is made up of two parts: research based on poetry categories, and analysis on artistic characteristics. Zhang was not famous for his poetry writing, but he loved writing poetry for all his life and left five rolls of poetry, 874 poems in total. According to the content of his poetry, it can be classified into four categories: poetry about sending off or missing his friends; Yue Fu poetry; poetry on mourning for dead and recalling history; poetry about travel or written on paintings. Zhang valued friendship much, so his poems about sending friends off and missing friends far away are often sincere and touching. Some mourning poems of Zhang are also distressed and affective. He mourn for his relatives and friends as well as the famous generals, loyal liegemen and legendary talented women in history. Some of Zhang’s poems about traveling are also good.Some poems for the painting are short and fresh. Three art characteristics that whose poetry and song shows: First, styles are varied. Second, Common poetry and song is in Zhang stylistic accept Han and Wei Dynasties. Third, they are tended to become amiable. carry out the intention correcting on whole mausoleum poem wind.Chapter 5, common effect of Zhang and significance. From public activities , political struggle , literature, four aspects such as document, style of study discusses whose effect and significance. Think that he has established the biggest culture association of ancient China.And the fighting with the eunuch group has demonstrated the scholars’ responsibility, justice and high moral principle. Effect on literature with his activities and works . Zhang is one of the ethos initiator and the important transition person .Concluding remarks. Zhang is the strategic point in the history literature, and it’s accept by the people of Ming Dynasty. But the fact isn’t accept and wiped away by the people Of Qing Dynasty for being not nonacademic reason. Now the fact is confirmed by our research. We regard it being common that Zhang is one of a final literature leading exponent in Late Ming Dynasty. He can cover up with generation.Appendix. including introduction of Zhang’s works and the chronicle of all his life.更多还原