论民意表达

【作者】 钱超；

【导师】 邱柏生；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,随着市场经济、民主政治与大众传播的迅速发展,民意表达逐渐成为一股醒目的社会潮流。加强民意表达是民主政治建设的一个基础层面,是人民的强烈呼声,也是社会进步的客观要求。如何认识民意、表达民意、分析民意以及如何使公共政策以民意为依归,是实现科学发展与构建和谐社会的一个重要课题。本文阐述了民意表达的概念、要素、结构、特征、价值、功能、环境、动力以及主要的路径,着力分析了当今中国民意表达的现状及其成因,并就一些突出问题提出基本的改良思路,旨在以系统的目光审视中国的民意现象,并透视现象背后深刻的社会背景,为中国民主政治大厦打开另一扇窗子。广义的民意概念是指民众与公共领域相关的意志,是与国家意志相对应的范畴,通常与公共政策紧密相关;民意表达的要素包括民(主体)、客体、意志、路径、对方、场和环境,各要素之间互相作用、互相制约;充分的民意表达是现代政治和现代社会价值追求的天然构成,承载着自由、平等、民主与正义等普世价值;民意表达与社会是同质的,其动力来自于利益驱动、正义驱动与责任驱动,需要一定程度的规制与引导;民意表达的基本路径包括正式路径、民间路径、媒体路径与民调路径。人民代表大会制度、政治协商会议制度、中国共产党代表大会制度以及信访制度都是中国民意表达的正式路径。三种代表会议制度都需要进一步完善,而信访制度在发挥民意表达功能的同时存在着很大的负面影响;民间路径包括基层群众自治制度与民间社团组织机制,是基础的民意场。民间路径的建设其关键在于处理好政府与民间自治组织之间的关系;作为民意表达的路径,媒体具有广泛性、及时性、公开性、多元性与间接性的特点,在民意表达中承担着呈现客体、整合民意、强化表达与培育主体的功能。媒体能否真实地传达民意,取决于媒体与政府的关系、媒体与市场的关系以及媒体与传播的关系。网络日益成为民意表达的强大路径,与传统媒体相比具有成本低、反馈快、容量大、互动性强、自由度高等特点,因此公共管理部门需要给予高度重视;民意调查是民意表达的重要路径,也是现代民主政治的重要工具。民意调查的科学性特质为客观表达民意提供了可能,但也因其固有的缺陷受到广泛的诟病。除了民意测验之外,调查研究、座谈会、听证会等也是民意调查的形式,并有其不可替代的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, along with the market economy, the democracy and the mass media’s rapidly development, the expression of public will become a striking social tidal current gradually. Strengthening the public opinion expression is a basic aspect of democracy construction, is people’s intense call, is also the social progress objective request. It is an important issue to think about how to know the public opinion, how to express the public will, how to analyze the public opinion scientifically and rationally as well as how to make the community policy take the public opinion as the basis.This article elaborates systematically the public opinion expression concept, the essential factor, the structure, the characteristic, the value, the function, the environment, the power as well as the main way of the expression of public opinion. The content includes: the generalized public opinion concept is refers to the populace’s will related with the public domain, is a category which corresponds with the national will, is closely related usually with the community policy; Public opinion expression essential factor includes people (subject), object, will, way, opposite party, field and environment, between which exists interaction and restricts; Free public opinion expression is a natural constituent of the value pursuance of modern politics and society, containing the universal value as freedom, equality, democracy and justice; The power of public opinion expression comes from benefit justice and obligation, restricted by the environment of economy, legal system, politics and culture ,as well as regulated by the public authority in any country; The National People’s Congress system, the political consultative conference system, the Communist Party of China Representative assembly system as well as the inquiry system are official ways of china public opinion expression .The three kind of representative systems need to further consummation and the inquiry system has the very tremendous negative influence during display public opinion expression-function; The folk way includes the grass roots autonomous system and the folk mass organization. The relationship between the government and Civil society organizations is critical for the construction of the folk way of public opinion expression; As a public opinion expression way , the media has the universality, timeliness, openness, multiplication and the indirect characteristics, undertaking the function of presenting object, conforming public opinion, strengthening expression and cultivating subjects in public opinion expression; Whether does the media transmit truly the public opinion, is decided in the relations between media and the government, media and the market and media and mass communication. The network becomes the formidable public opinion expression way day by day. Compared with the traditional media it is low-cost, quick-feed back, large-capacity and better- interactive. Therefore the public administration department needs to pay more attention on it; Poll is the formidable way of public opinion expression, is also the modern democracy important tool with scientific characteristic which provides the possibility for the objective expression of public opinion, but it also receives multitudinous denouncing because of its inherent flaw. Besides public opinion poll, Investigation, symposium and public hearing are also the way of research public opinion.更多还原