马克思主义视域下的中国古代文论研究

【作者】 邱景源；

【导师】 汪涌豪；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 文艺学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 二十世纪,是中国现代学术生成、发展和演化的世纪。现代学术的产生,主要端赖于西方现代思潮的启蒙。西学的冲击下,中国学术开始自觉,学术与研究主体逐渐取得了独立地位和自觉意识。二十世纪,又是中国不断革命,追求民族独立、国家富强的过程。革命现实的需要和现代性焦虑,呼唤了马克思主义的译介、传播和中国化。从此,马克思主义成为了二十世纪中国的主导意识形态,在革命功利和执政者参与的交错中,促成和导演了二十世纪的中国学术生态。在这种环境下产生、生存和发展的古代文论学科,学术主体的知识结构、思想观念都鲜明地打上了时代的烙印,学术研究的进程和成果直接反应着学术环境的阴晴冷暖。本文就是从现代学术发展、学术主体遭遇、学术环境变化的角度,全面梳理了20世纪在马克思主义视域下中国古代文论研究的坎坷历程与卓越成就。本文力图忠于学术发展史实,通过对马克思主义文论主导下的20世纪古代文论研究过程的透视,对马克思主义文论与古代文论研究的契合、冲突、促进、融合及悖论等学术现象进行剖析,以给我们当代马克思主义文论和古代文论研究及文论话语建构带来一些启示。20世纪前期,在西方科学理性启蒙下,现代“文学”和“文学批评”观念诞生,进化史观、唯物史观、科学研究方法,以及现代学术主体和学术环境产生,以一批奠基性著作的出版为标志,古代文论学科建立起来。这一时期,又是在中国革命现实的呼唤下,马克思主义译介、传播和中国化的过程。马克思主义文论契合了革命现实和文论传统,因此也很快在中国传播、生成,中国化为毛泽东文艺思想。毛泽东文艺思想诞生于战争年代,在文艺战线的战斗中发挥了极大的作用,它具有鲜明的战争年代烙印的内容,直接奠定了建国后中国文论发展的框架和基调。建国后,无产阶级取得政权,马克思主义成为主导意识形态。毛泽东文艺思想不断被阐释和拔高,并落实为具体文艺政策。在“双百”方针和建设有民族特色的马克思主义文论文艺政策的推动下,一度出现了古代文论研究的复兴。但是由于马克思主义文论的教条化、庸俗化,以及知识分子思想改造、政治批判运动的泛化,学术研究受到各方面的制约。这时的古代文论研究,因此有着鲜明的时代特色,并且出现规范化下的悖论,甚至最终停滞不前。新时期伴随着国家指导方针的改变和思想解放运动的开展,学术研究在权威意识形态松绑下解缚,并对曾经的机械化、庸俗化社会学研究方法进行了深刻的反思和反拨,从而明确了我们真正应该坚持的马克思主义文论,古文论研究也在调整中迈向新的方向。80年代以后,在新一轮“西学东渐”的冲击下,人们的思想更加开放和自觉,出现了文论研究方法论的讨论和研究思维方式的变革。新时期的多元文艺格局,决定了传统文论、西方文论、马克思主义文论研究方法的多样并存和相互融通,研究思维上也由直观思维和知性思维上升为马克思主义综合辩证思维。在这种学术环境下,古代文论研究也不再甘于寂寞,经过自身的反拨与调整,积极参与到中国当代文论建设中来。古代文论学会的成立,多次年会召开对各种学术热点的讨论,古代文论研究中西方各种新思想、新视角的引入,都标志着古文论研究的繁荣。事实上,在这种活跃开放的学术氛围下,古文论研究也的确是多方进展,成果斐然。文论史研究继续拓展深入,理论史、批评史、思想史等众多研究成果不断涌现,复旦大学七卷本批评通史无论在研究视域拓展,还是研究视角宏阔深入上,都达到了集大成的高度。另外古文论范畴研究,体系探索,中西比较文论、比较诗学研究,等多方面都卓有建树。而在全球化语境和市场经济条件下,面对马克思主义文论和古代文论研究当代性问题的挑战,我们更应该以马克思主义综合辩证思维为指导,融合古今中西文论话语资源,面向大众文化实践和多元文艺格局,以建构立足本国文艺实践,多元共生又富有民族特色的文论话语。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the 20th century, there are development and evolution of China’s modern academic formation. The foundation of China’s modern subject mainly depends on the enlightenment of the modern trends of thought in the West. Under the impact of Western, Chinese academic consciously started, and the academic research and academician gradually achieved status and sense of independence. During the 20th century, China is on the process of constantly revolution, and pursuit of national independence and the country’s prosperity. Revolutionary reality condition and the modern anxiety, calling the Marxism translation, diffusion and nationalization in China. Since then, Marxism became the dominant ideology in China in the 20th century, and the participation of those in power and the revolution utilitarian direct the Chinese academic ecology in the 20th century. Under such circumstances prudction, survival and development of Ancient literary theory subject, the main knowledge structure , ideas and concepts of the academician are clearly branded with the times, and the process of academic research results in direct response to the changes of the academic environment.This article is comprehensively cleaning up the China Ancient Literary Theory Research bumpy course and outstanding achievements and the Marxist view, through the modern academic development, the academician experiences, and academic environment changes in the 20th century. This paper seeks to historical facts to the academic development and analyses the academic phenomena such as harmony, conflicts, promotion, integration and paradox between the Marxist Literary Theory and the China Ancient Literary Theory Research, to give us the enlightenment in the research and construction in the future.Early 20th century, under the science and rational Enlightenment in the West, the modern "literature" and "Literary Criticism" concept came into being, and evolutionary history, historical materialism, scientific research methods, and modern academician and academic environment was born. With the publication of a number of prominent works, the Chinese Ancient Literary Theory Research disciplines established. During this period, in the call of the Chinese revolution, the Marxism translation, diffusion and nationalization in China. Marxist Literary Theory fit the reality of the revolutionary and the cultural traditions, and therefore spread quickly in China, and got the formation of China as Mao Zedong’s literary thought. Mao Zedong’s artistic thinking was born in the the war years, which played a significant role on the frontline of fighting in the literature. It’s content which has a distinctive brand of the war years, lay directly the framework and tone of the development of literary theory after the founding of New China.After the founding of New China, the proletariat in power, Marxism became the dominant ideology. Mao Zedong’s literary thought was constantly interpretation and overstating, and was implemented as specific. Under the impetus of the arts policy of "Shuang Bai" and to build a national characteristics of the Marxist Literary Arts, there was the renaissance of Ancient literary theory research. However, as the dogmatism and philistinism of Marxism, as well as the thought transforming in the intellectuals and the generalization of political criticism campaign. At that moment, the Ancient Literary Theory Research therefore have distinctive characteristics of the times, and appear Paradox of in standardized restriction, and even stagnation.In the new era, along with the change of national guidelines and expansion of ideological emancipation movement, academic research ideas was relaxed under relaxation of restriction of the authority of the ideological, and then to have the mechanization, and vulgarization of sociological research methods to profound reflection and analysis, and clear the Marxist literary theory that we really should uphold. The study of classical Chinese literary theory are also adjusting their weight towards a new direction.After the 1980s, under the impact of new round of "Western Learning Eastward Transmission " people’s minds more open and conscious, there has been the discussion of research methodology and research ways of thinking change. The multiple artistic pattern of new era, determines the mutual coexistence of diverse factoring on research methods of the Ancient Literary Theory, the Western Literary Theory and the Marxist Literary Theory. The research thinking, from intuitive thinking, intellectual thinking rise to the Marxist comprehensive dialectical thinking. In this academic environment, the Chinese ancient literary theory research also no longer be willing to be lonely. After their own backwash and adjustment and they actively take part in China’s contemporary literary theory construction. The establishment of the Chinese Ancient Literary Theory Acad. , the various academic hot discussion on annual meeting and the introduction of many of western various new ideas and perspectives, all indicates the prosperity of classical Chinese literary theory research. In fact, in this lively and opening up academic atmosphere, classical Chinese literary theory study really obtained multi-progress, the achievements striking. Study of the History of Literary Criticism continue to expand in-depth. Theoretical history, the history of criticism, the history of ideas, and many other research results have emerged. Fudan University’s seven-tome History of the ancient literary criticism both in expanding research horizon, or in-depth research perspective, achieved the height of the inheritor. On other areas of classical Chinese literary theory category studies, system exploration, comparative study of literary theory between the West and China, Comparative Poetics research, and so are distinguished contribution. In the context of globalization and the market economy conditions, in the face of the challenges of contemporary issues of Marxist and Ancient Literary Theory Study, we should be even more guided by Marxist comprehensive dialectical thinking, integrate Chinese and Western, ancient and modern resources of literary theory, and aim at the cultural practices to the public and the multiple artistic pattern, to construct our own artistic practice based, multi-ethnic symbiosis and national characteristics text of the literary theory discourse.更多还原