【作者】 金锦子；

【导师】 李宗勋；

【作者基本信息】 延边大学 ， 世界史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文以五至七世纪中叶的朝鲜半岛三国纷争为中心,主要考察其发现变化与东北亚政局的相互关系。内容主要由绪论、正文和结语三部分构成。绪论主要阐述了研究动态、研究重点和研究视角及方法。正文分为四章。第一章为“五世纪前后东北亚局势与高句丽的扩张”。东晋时期中国北方处于长期的分裂混乱状态,权力中心的丧失进导致东北亚国际秩序处于无序状态。与此同时,朝鲜半岛上的高句丽、百济、新罗三国也在此时获得了长足发展,三国鼎足而立争雄半岛的序幕由此拉开。高句丽在这一时期的发展尤为迅猛。在西方,它利用中国北方的政局混乱,从后燕手中夺取了辽东地区;在南方,高句丽占领了乐浪和带方部分地区,疆域扩展到了汉江流域,与谋求北进的百济发生激烈矛盾。由于高句丽的强大,使新罗改变与百济以往“两国和好,约为兄弟”的友好关系,转而与高句丽结好。高句丽凭借其强大的军事力量,在广开土王时期不仅压制了百济的北进,还援助新罗驱逐了百济和倭的入侵,使新罗依附于自己,从而确立了在半岛上的霸主地位。第二章为“五世纪中叶朝鲜半岛三国关系重组与东北亚南北对抗格局的形成”。进入五世纪中叶,随着中国南北朝对峙局面的形成,出现了整体分裂,局部统一的态势,对整个东北亚的局势和朝鲜半岛三国外交以及相互之间的关系转变都产生了深远影响,由此高句丽、百济、新罗三国关系也形成了新的格局。高句丽调整其战略,一方面积极稳定与南北朝尤其是与北魏的关系,另一方面则加快了南进的步伐,所采取的重要举措之一便是迁都平壤。累世与高句丽为敌的百济为抵御来自高句丽的南进压力,也进行了积极的外交斡旋,试图从外围建立对高句丽的包围圈,同高句丽展开了激烈的外交竞争。这种努力主要表现在,首先在朝鲜半岛内主动改善与新罗的关系,与新罗建立同盟以共同抵制高句丽的南进,同时发展与中国南朝的友好关系;另外百济还试图想说服北魏攻打高句丽,以及欲联合勿吉攻打高句丽。而新罗则为了摆脱高句丽在政治、军事等方面的干涉,到讷祗王时期开始出现了摆脱高句丽控制的倾向。五世纪五十年代左右还与百济结成军事同盟来对抗高句丽。由此,在朝鲜半岛形成了百济与新罗结盟对抗高句丽的局面,在东北亚地区则形成了高句丽主要与中国北朝结好、百济与南朝交往以及中国南北的对峙的局面,从而在整体上形成南北对抗的格局并一直延续到六世纪前半期。第三章为“六世纪中叶至七世纪初三国相持局面的形成与东北亚政局的变迁”。进入六世纪中叶以后,高句丽、百济、新罗三国国力强弱有所变化。阳原王统治时期,国内由于王权之争而导致政局混乱,外部则面临着北齐和突厥等新兴势力的威胁,高句丽陷入内外交困的困境之中,这种情况迫使高句丽暂缓其南进的步伐,全力应对西北局势的变化,在半岛的争霸斗争中只能处于守势。百济方面,在475年遭受高句丽摧毁国都而迁都熊津的重创之后,经过东城王、武宁王等几代王的统治,到圣王时期出现了中兴面貌,并对高句丽采取了积极的进攻,以图收复汉江流域。但由于盟友新罗的背叛,百济再次受到了其历史发展中的重创。而一直在高句丽和百济两强夹缝中生存的新罗则从智证王、法兴王时期开始整备国家体制,国力不断加强,到真兴王时期大力开拓疆土,从朝鲜半岛东南一隅的小国发展成为地跨朝鲜半岛东南和东部的大国。尤其重要的是,利用高句丽与百济相争的时机,新罗夺取了具有重要经济和战略意义的汉江流域,对此后新罗的历史发展产生了深远的影响。但新罗也因此与百济反目,导致了一百多年同盟关系的破裂。由于三国间的国力消长,三国转而进入了相持阶段。与此相伴则是三国都致力于在外交上拓展自己的空间,形成了东北亚的多元外交格局。随着六世纪末中国隋朝的出现和统一,三国的外交中心都转向了隋朝,其中隋朝与高句丽的矛盾成为东北亚的主要矛盾,百济利用这一时机派兵重开对新罗的进攻,东北亚再次进入战争对峙状态。第四章为“七世纪中后期朝鲜半岛三国纷争终结与东北亚政治新格局的形成”。进入七世纪以后,新罗与百济的矛盾不断激化,成为朝鲜半岛上的主要矛盾。继隋而兴的唐王朝在高祖和太宗初期基本上保持了对半岛三国的均衡外交。随着周边局势的稳定,进入四十年代高句丽与唐朝的矛盾开始凸显出来,成为东北亚最主要矛盾,而高句丽的强硬使唐太宗最终发动了对高句丽的征伐。高宗即位初期,唐朝改变对高旬丽的征伐战略,实施消耗其国力的长期战略。五十年代半岛经历了短暂平静,经过新的力量整合,在东北亚地区形成了以新罗和唐朝为一方,高句丽、百济、倭为一方的两大同盟力量的对抗,半岛三国纷争演变为一场涉及东北亚各国的国际战争,其结果是百济、高句丽的先后灭亡和倭国势力从朝鲜半岛的退出。这不仅宣告了几个世纪朝鲜半岛三国纷争的终结,也拉开了东北亚世界新政治格局形成的序幕。随着半岛局势的变化,唐朝与新罗之间潜在的矛盾开始激化,最终导致兵戎相见。由于唐朝受西北局势的影响,不得不对朝鲜半岛采取退守政策,新罗最终实现了对朝鲜半岛大部分的统治,以崭新的国家面貌出现东北亚历史舞台,由此促成了东北亚地区政治新格局的形成。结论部分从三个方面总结了全文要点。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thesis concentrates on the disputes among Gaogouli, Baiji and Xinluo in the Korean Peninsula from the fifth century to the middle of the seventh century, mainly on the development changes of relationship of the three countries and the relations with the Northeast Asia political situation. The whole thesis is mainly made up by introduction, test and conclusion.The introduction mainly elaborates the direction of development in research, the research priorities and research methods.The test is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is "The Northeast Asia political situation of the fifth century and the expansion of Gaogouli". During the period of Eastern Jin Dynasty, Northern China was in a long-term division, the loss of power center leaded to the international order of Northesst Asia in a state of disorder. At the same time, gaogouli, Baiji and Xinluo had developed, formed the situation of tripartite confrontation among the three countries and contending for hegemony in the peninsula began to show. During this period, Gaogouli was particularly rapid development. An the west, Gaogouli took advantage of the political confusion in northern China, seized hold of Liao Dong from Houyan. At the south, Gaogouli occupied Lelang and some areas of Daifang, which territory extended to the Hanjiang river, and conflicted keen with Baiji that strive for northern advance. As the strength of Gaogouli, Xinluo made friendly relations with Gaogouli instead of that with Baiji. Gaogouli depended on its powerful military forces, not only suppress Baiji’s northern advance, but also assist Xinluo in expelling invasion of Baiji and Japan in the period of Haotaiwang, so that Xinluo depended on Gaogouli itself. As a result, Gaogouli established on the position of overlord in the peninsula.Chapter Two is "The reorganization of the three countries’ relations In the middle of the fifth century and the formation of North-South confrontation in Northeast Asia". Entering the middle of the fifth century, Southern and Northern Dynasty’s antagonistic situation had formed in China, which deeply influenced the situation of the whole Northern Asia and the diplomacy of three countries in the Korean Peninsula. Gaogouli adjusted it strategies, on the one hand, it stabilized the relationship with the Southern and Northern Dynasty, especially with the Northern Wei Dynasty. On the other hand, it speeded up southward advance pace, one of the important measures was the capital relocation to Pyongyang. Baiji had made active diplomatic mediation in order to resisting the pressure to southern advance, engaged in a fierce foreign competition with Gaogouli. Firstly, Baiji improved the relationship with Xinluo on it’s own initiative and formed alliance with Xinluo in order to resist the Southern advance of Gaogouli.Secondly,it improved the friendly relationship with Southern Dynasty of China. In addition, Baiji attempted to persuade Northern Wei Dynasty and combine with Qidan to attack Gaogouli. While Xinluo was interfered by Gaogouli in political and military aspects, it turned to cast off the control of Gaogouli during the period of King of Neqi, and formed alliance with Baiji to oppose Gaogouli. Thus, it formed the situation of Baiji and Xinluo’s confrontation with Gaogouli, As the same time in the Northeast Asian region it formed the situation of North-South confrontation that Gaogouli mainly made relationships with Northern Dynasty and Baiji contact with South Dynasty and had been extended to the first half period of the sixth century.Chapter Three is "The three countries’ stalemate situation from the middle of the sixth century to the beginning of the seventh century and the formation of the changing political situation in Northeast Asia". After entering the middle of the sixth century, Gaogouli, Baiji, Xinluo the three countries’ strength had changed. During the period of the king of Yangyuan, due to the domestic royalty dispute, political chaos were caused, while abroad facing the threat of the Northern Qi and Tujue, which forced Gaogouli defer its southward advance pace to cope with the situation in the northwest changes in the peninsula hegemony in the defensive struggle. after being attacked by Gaogouli in 475, with the king of Dongcheng, Wuning, and other generations of kings’ domination, till the period of Sheng Wang baiji came into the flomishing situation, and actively offensived Gaogouli in order to recover the river basin of Han Jiang. However, as Xinluo had betrayed, Baiji had been hit hard again. While Xinluo turned to put in order national system from the king of Zhizheng and Faxing period, so that its national strength had been continuously strengthened, and the king of Zhenxing vigorously explored the territory. As a result, it developed from a small country in the southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula to an inter-Korean Peninsula southeast and east of the country. It is particularly important that making use of the fights opportunity between Baiji and Gaogouli, Xinluo occupied the Han Jiang River that had important economic and strategic significance, which had an deep impact on the after years’ historical development. But Xinluo also became against Baiji therefore, leading to a breakdown of more than 100-year alliance relationship. Because of the strength among the three countries’ continuously growth and decline, the three countries turned into the stages of stalemate. This is associated with that all of the three countries were committed to expand their diplomatic space, forming a Northeast Asian multi diplomatic pattern. With the appearance and unity of Sui Dynasty in the end of six century, the three countries turned their diplomatic center to Sui Dynasty, which the contradictions between Sui Dynasty and Gaogouli became the principal contradiction in Northeast Asia, Baiji then made use of this opportunity to attack Xinluo, so Northeast Asia re-entered the state of war confrontation.Chapter Four is "The end of the three countries’ disputes in the Korean Peninsula and the formation of Northeast Asian new political pattern in the middle and late seventh century". After entering the seventh century, the contradictions between Xinluo and Baiji continuously sharpened, as the principal contradiction in the Korean Peninsula. Until the early stage of the emperor Taizong times, basically maintained the balance diplomacy among the three countries on the peninsula. With the stabilization of the around situation, the contradictions between Gaogouli and Tang Dynasty started to come out in the 6 40s, then it became the main contradiction in Northeast Asia. However, the punitive attitude of Gaogouli eventually made Taizong launch on Gaogouli. In the first stage of the empero Taizong enthronement, Tang Dynasty changed the war strategy to Gaogouli, and took a long-term strategy of consumption of national strength. In the 650s, the peninsula experienced short peace, then after the integration of new power, there formed two major alliance confrontation that one party made up by Xinluo and Tang Dynasty, the other made up by Gaogouli, Baiji and Wo, the three countries’ disputes evolved into an international war involving each country in Northeast Asia, the results were Baiji and Gaogouli have perished and the quit of Wo forces. This was not only declared the end of the three countries’ disputes in the Korean Peninsula for centuries. Along with the changes in the situation on the peninsula, the potential contradictions between Tang Dynasty and Xinluo began to sharpen, which ultimately led to wars. Since Tang Dynasty was affected by the situation in the Northwest, it had to take the policy of retreating on the Korean Peninsula; Xinluo realized the rule to most of the Korean Peninsula, with a new national outlook on the stage of history in Northeast Asia, which led to the formation of new political pattern in Northeast Asian region.更多还原