【作者】 张瑞华；

【导师】 徐坤；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 蔬菜学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 生姜起源于热带雨林地区,生产中多采用遮光栽培。近年来,利用塑料薄膜进行生姜小拱棚覆盖提早保护栽培,延长生姜生育期,可显著提高生姜产量。由于构成产量的干物质90%以上来源于光合作用,而光是影响光合作用的重要环境因素,因此,前人就光强与生姜光合作用的关系进行了较多的研究,但关于光质对生姜光合作用的影响,尚未见报道。为此,本文通过利用有色膜田间遮光及室内电光源发光两种处理方法,系统研究了光质与生姜生长发育及光能利用特性的关系,创造了生姜传统遮光栽培技术与提早保护栽培技术相融合的生姜有色膜调光保护栽培新技术。主要研究结果如下:1.有色膜覆盖显著改变了生姜植株受光光质环境,较传统遮光栽培显著提高了生姜出苗前的气温及地温,有利于生姜出苗。出苗后,通过增加有色膜遮光小拱棚通风量,有色膜覆盖不仅起到了降低光照强度的作用,而且还降低了气温和地温。2.有色膜覆盖栽培和传统遮荫网栽培的生姜生长势均显著优于露地栽培,但不同颜色薄膜覆盖的效果有显著差异。蓝膜覆盖生姜株高秆细,生物量较低,分枝数及产量与传统遮荫网栽培差异不显著;红膜覆盖虽比蓝膜及传统遮荫网栽培的生物量增加,但却显著低于白膜和绿膜覆盖;白膜茎秆较粗,但分枝数及生物量不及绿膜高;绿膜覆盖生姜分枝数较多,产量较高。收获时绿膜、白膜、红膜、蓝膜覆盖的生姜产量分别达3560.6、3362.8、3194.3、2901.2 kg·666.7 m-2,分别比露地栽培提高37.7%、30.0%、23.5%、12.2%,但分别比地膜覆盖加遮荫网栽培提高18.5%、12.0%、6.3%、-3.4%。室内光质处理与田间有色膜覆盖效果不同,以白光和红光处理的生姜幼苗生物量较高,绿光处理生姜幼苗生物量较低,但生姜幼苗质量以白光和蓝光处理较好。3.田间不同颜色薄膜覆盖的生姜叶片叶绿素含量有较大差异。幼苗覆膜期,生姜植株功能叶及幼嫩叶叶绿素含量以蓝膜和绿膜覆盖较高,白膜覆盖居中,红膜覆盖较低,而随叶位下降,蓝膜覆盖生姜叶片叶绿素含量降低较快。室内光质处理生姜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量以白光和红光处理较高,分别达3.01、2.94 mg·g-1FW,蓝光处理居中,绿光处理较低,仅2.17 mg·g-1FW。4.整个生长期内,绿膜覆盖生姜叶片的光合速率较高,白膜和红膜覆盖次之,蓝膜覆盖较低。幼苗覆膜期,绿膜覆盖生姜叶片光饱和点、光饱和时的光合速率、羧化效率、CO2饱和点及RuBP最大再生速率较高;蓝膜覆盖叶片虽然光饱和点与绿膜处理差异不显著,但蓝膜处理光呼吸速率较高,光合同化碳素较多的流向乙醇酸循环,其净光合速率较绿膜、白膜和红膜低。旺盛生长无膜期,虽然各处理生姜叶片光饱和点无显著差异,但光合速率仍以苗期绿膜处理生姜叶片较高,分别比白膜、红膜、蓝膜覆盖提高5.8%、9.3%、16.3%,绿膜RuBP最大再生速率较白膜、红膜、蓝膜覆盖分别提高4.6%、11.9%、17.0%。5.有色膜覆盖可显著影响生姜叶片的光能利用及分配特性。不同处理叶片叶绿素荧光参数日变化动态相似,但叶片Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSII、qP和光化学反射指数(PRI)均以绿膜处理最高,其次为蓝膜和白膜处理,红膜处理最低;而PSI和PSII间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)和NPQ则以绿膜处理最低,蓝膜、白膜和红膜处理依次升高。表明适当增加遮光光质中绿光比例,生姜叶片午间光抑制程度较轻,PSI和PSII间线性电子传递协调性较好,激发能热耗散较低,光能利用效率较高。旺盛生长无膜期,各处理间光能利用特性仍有显著差异,光抑制较强时,光能利用效率绿膜处理较高,白膜和红膜处理居中,蓝膜较低。6.有色膜覆盖显著影响了不同叶龄叶片色素含量、光合速率及光能利用特性。展叶30 d时,不同处理生姜叶片叶绿素含量达最高值,以蓝膜和绿膜处理较高,白膜居中,红膜较低,此后蓝膜处理叶绿素含量下降幅度显著高于其他处理;类胡萝卜素含量除红膜处理在生姜展叶30 d达最大值外,白膜、蓝膜、绿膜处理均在展叶20 d时达最大值。展叶20 d时,各处理生姜叶片光合速率达最高值,此时绿膜处理光合速率较白膜、红膜、蓝膜处理高6.6%、11.5%、17.9%;展叶30 d后,各处理光合速率迅速下降,但下降幅度以蓝膜处理较高。羧化效率变化趋势与光合速率相似,展叶20 d时达最大值,以绿膜处理较高,白膜和红膜居中,蓝膜较低;而表观量子效率以红膜处理较高,蓝膜处理居中,白膜和绿膜处理较低,且两者差异不显著。各处理生姜展叶5 d时,PSⅡ活性就接近最高值,并且展叶10～50 d内Fv/Fm一直较高,Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、qP等在展叶10 d后就近最大值。此外,展叶当天,蓝膜处理生姜叶片Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、qP显著高于绿膜、白膜和红膜处理,Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、qP达最大值时绿膜处理较高,蓝膜和白膜居中,红膜较低。7.室内光质处理生姜幼苗叶片适应强光能力、光合能力、固定CO2能力、RuBP最大再生速率以白光处理较高,蓝光和红光处理居中,绿光处理较低;各处理Fv/Fm虽无显著差异,但Fv′/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ以白光和蓝光处理较高,红光处理居中,绿光处理较低。移至室外自然光照条件下,室内弱光处理生姜幼苗均出现严重光抑制,且光照减弱时仍未恢复到原来水平,白光、绿光、红光、蓝光处理生姜叶片17:00 Fv/Fm较7:00分别下降20.4%、42.0%、30.7%、22.5%,且光合日变化呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在9:00,但光合速率以白光处理较高,为7.9 mol·m-2·s-1,蓝光和红光处理居中,绿光处理较低,仅4.1 mol·m-2·s-1。8.午间高温、强光条件下,有色膜覆盖生姜叶片超氧阴离子自由基产生速率达最高值,但以绿膜覆盖生姜叶片超氧阴离子自由基产生速率较低,白膜、红膜、蓝膜覆盖差异不明显,但13:00时,SOD及APX酶活性以蓝膜覆盖较高,白膜和红膜居中,绿膜较低。MDA含量和电解质渗漏率在13:00时达最高值,但仍以绿膜覆盖较低,白膜、红膜和蓝膜覆盖差异不显著。幼嫩叶和功能叶超氧阴离子自由基产生速率较老龄叶片低,且均以绿膜覆盖较低。蓝膜处理老龄叶片MDA含量和电解质渗漏率显著高于绿膜、白膜和红膜处理。9.生姜生长的光质环境显著影响了气孔形态特征,绿膜覆盖生姜叶片上表皮气孔密度、气孔宽度、气孔孔径宽度较其他处理大。同时,无论幼苗覆膜期还是旺盛生长期,绿膜覆盖生姜叶片较厚,栅栏组织发达,栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度较高,而蓝膜覆盖叶片较薄,栅栏组织厚度较小。室内白光和红光处理的生姜叶片厚度差异不显著,但较蓝光和绿光处理高,蓝光处理虽然栅栏组织厚度不及白光和红光处理,但栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度较白光、红光、绿光处理分别高15.9%、19.9%、14.2%。绿光处理每个细胞中叶绿体数目,叶绿体大小、淀粉粒数、基粒片层数、基粒数均较白光、红光和蓝光处理低,同时蓝光处理基粒片层数、基粒数较多。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ginger was native to the tropical rain forest region and planted by shading. In recent years, the growth period was prolonged and production was increased by planting in the small arch shed covering with plastic film. More than 90 percent dry matter making of production roots in photosynthesis that is affected by light, so the fore-researcher studied the relationship between light quantity and photosynthesis in ginger mainly. Therefore, the effects of light quality on photosynthesis in ginger was not studied. Using two methods that shading with color film in the field and indoor lamp-house, this paper studied on the relationship between light quality on growth and development and light utilization characteristics in ginger and created the new cultivating technology that merged the traditional shading and protection planting. The main results were as follows:1. Compared with the traditional shading, covering with color films not only changed the light quality environment remarkably, but also increased the air or earth temperature and shortened the ermerging seedling time. Furthermore, covering color film not only reduced the light intensity but also reduced the air or earth temperature by ventilating after ginger seedling emerged.2. The plants treated by color films or traditional shading growed better than that of cultivating bareness, and the effects of different colored film was different. The plants under blue film were higher in height and with thinner stem and lesser shoot, compared with those shaded with other color films. The red film induced biomass was more than that of traditional shading, but that was less than that of white or green film. The white film induced the plant was thicker, but lesser shoot or biomass than that of green film. The plant under green film was more in shoot and higher in production than those of other treatments. In parallel, the yield of green, white, red or blue film at harvesting stag were 3560.6, 3362.8, 3194.3 or 2901.2 kg·666.7 m-2, which was 37.7%, 30.0%, 23.5%, and 12.2% higher than that bareness, respectively, was 18.5%, 12.0%, 6.3%, and -3.4% higher than that traditional shading.The effects was different between the treatment of indoor light quality and covering with color films in the field, white or red light induced the greatest biomass, followed by blue and green light in turn, and white or blue light induced the better seedling quality.3. Chlorophyll content of different color film was different. Blue or green film induced the greatest chlorophyll content in functional leaves and young leaves, followed by shanding with white film, and red film. Furthermore, chlorophyll content of old leaves growing under blue film decreased rapidly.White or red light induced the greatest chlorophyll content, was 3.01, and 2.94 mg·g-1FW respectively, green light induced the least, only was 2.17 mg·g-1FW.4. In the whole growth period, green film induced the greatest photosynthetic rate, followed by shading with white, red or blue film. In parallel, at seedling stage the light saturation point(LSP), the maximum photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency(CE) and maximum RuBP regeneration rate under green film-shading was the highest than that of other treatments. Although there was no difference in LSP between blue film and green film, blue film induced the greatest photorespiration(Pr) and Pr/Pn which reduced the net photosynthetic rate. Uncovering at vigorous growth, although there was no difference in the LSP among different treatments, the maximum photosynthetic rate and maximum RuBP regeneration rate under green film-shading was 5.8%, 9.3%, 16.3% and 4.6%、11.9%、17.0% higher than under white, red, and blue film-shading, respectively.5. Covering with color film remarkably affected light energy utilization and distribution characteristics. Though the diurnal variation of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of different treatments was similar, the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers (Fv′/Fm′), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching coefficient(qP) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) of leaves treated with green film was the highest, followed by blue, white or red film in turn. In contrast, green, blue, white or red film induced the relative deviation from full balance between two photosystems (β/α-1) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) increased in turn. Increasing the ratio of green light in light quality could reduce the photoinhibition, make the correspondence of transferring electron between PSI and PSII well, decrease heat dissipation of excitation energy, enhance the light energy utilization efficiency. Uncovering at vigorous growth stage, there was remarkably difference in light energy utilization, green film induced the greatest light utilizing efficiency when the photoinhibition was strong, followed by that of white, red and blue film.6. Covering with color film remarkably affected the pigment content, photosynthetic rate and light utilization in ginger leaves of different age.Chlorophyll content reached the maximum when it was 30 days leaf unfolding, and that under blue or green film-shading was the highest, red was the lowest. After it was 30 days leaf unfolding, blue film induced droping extent of chlorophyll content was remarkably higher than that of other treatments. When it was 20 days leaf unfolding, white, blue or green film induced the carotenoid content reached the maximum, while it was 30 days, red film got to the maximum.When it was 20 days leaf unfolding, photosynthetic rate in ginger leaves reached the maximum, which growing under green film-shading was 6.6%, 11.5%, and 17.9% higher than that under white, red, or blue film-shading, respectively. The carboxylation efficiency’s change pattern in different shading treatments was similar to that of photosynthetic rate, and that reached the maximum when it was 20 days leaf unfolding. While growing under green film was the higest, followed by white, red, or blue film in turn. In contrast, red film induced the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis(AQY) was the highest, white or green film was the lowest.When it was 5 days leaf unfolding, the Fv/Fm approached the maximum, and it was remaining higher value from 10 to 50 days leaf unfolding. In parallel, when it was 10 days leaf unfolding, Fv′/Fm′,ΦPSⅡ, or qP approached the maximum. Furthermore, Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′,ΦPSⅡ, or qP growing under blue film-shading was higher than that of other treatments when it was 1 days leaf unfolding. When Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′,ΦPSⅡ, or qP reached the maximum, which treated with green film was the highest, followed by blue, white or red film in turn.7. The LSP, the maximum photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency(CE) and maximum RuBP regeneration rate under white light was the highest, followed by blue, red, or green light in turn. There was no difference in Fv/Fm between different treatment, but Fv′/Fm′orΦPSⅡunder white or blue light was the highest, the green light was the lowest. When ginger seedlings were transferred to sunlight, the leaves of different treatment appeared seriously photoinhibition. Compared with the Fv/Fm at 7:00, Fv/Fm of white, green, red or blue light at 17:00 decreased by 20.4%, 42.0%, 30.7%, or 22.5%, respectively. The diurnal variation of Pn appeared one-peak-type, and the peak was at 9:00. White light induced the highest Pn, being 7.9 mol·m-2·s-1, followed by blue, red, or green light in order from high to low.8. O2-·production rate of different treatment reached the maximum at noon. Green film induced the lowest O2-·production rate than that of white, red or blue film, in which there was no difference. In contrast, SOD or APX activity under blue film-shading was the highest, followed by white, red or green film in turn at 13:00. In parallel, MDA content and electrolytic leakage reached the maximum at 13:00, those under green film was the lowest than that of others. There was no difference between white, red and blue film.O2-·production rate of young leaves and functional leaves was lower than that of old leaves, and that under green film-shading was lower than that of other treatments. Blue film induced the highest MDA content and electrolytic leakage of old leaves than the green, white or red film.9. Light quality affected the stomatic characteristics in ginger leaves. The upper cuticle stomatic density, stomatic width and stomatal aperture width under green film was the highest than those of others. No matter covering with film at seedling stage or uncovering at vigorous growth, green film induced the thicker leaves, stronger palisade tissue, and PTT/STT, while blue film induced the thinner leaves and palisade tissue.There was no difference in leaf thickness between white and red light which was thicker than that of blue light and green light. Although blue light induced the thinner palisade tissue than white or red light, induced the PTT/STT was 15.9%、19.9%、14.2% higher than white, red, and green light, respectively. The number of chloroplast in each cell, chloroplast size, number of starch grains in each cholroplast, number of grana in each chloroplast, number of amella in each grana under green light was lower than that of others. Blue light induced the highest number of grana in each chloroplast, number of amella in each grana than that of white, red and green light.更多还原