【作者】 曹成全；

【导师】 印象初；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 癞蝗属于直翅目(Orthoptera)蝗总科(Acridoidea)癞蝗科(Pamphagidae),是蝗总科中较原始的一科,全世界已知癞蝗93属近600种及亚种,主要分布在非洲、欧洲、亚洲的山地和半荒漠地区。我国癞蝗已知13属48种及亚种,都分布在我国北部和西北部。Otte(2004)把全世界的癞蝗分为8个亚科:Akicerinae Bolivar, I., 1916、Echinotropinae Dirsh, 1961、Nocarodesinae Bolivar, I., 1916、Orchaminae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003、Pamphaginae Burmeister, 1840、Porthetinae Bolivar, I., 1916、Prionotropisinae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003、Tropidaucheninae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003;其中3个亚科为我国学者张道川等(2003)订立。夏凯龄等(1994)将沟笨蝗属Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979认为是笨蝗属Haplotropis Saussure, 1888的同物异名。癞蝗亚科目前在中国仅有1属2种——笨蝗属Haplotropis Saussure,1888、笨蝗Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888、内蒙古笨蝗Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982。本文从形态学和分子系统学研究两方面入手,对中国境内的癞蝗亚科进行了分类研究,以期澄清其种类,摸清我国癞蝗亚科家底,建立新的分类系统,并就有关问题进行讨论,为癞蝗科的研究提供新的资料。本文绪论部分简要介绍了直翅目和蝗总科的分类情况,癞蝗科的命名、分布、进化、分类地位和分类系统,中国癞蝗科各亚科的分类特征,概述了世界和中国的癞蝗科和癞蝗亚科分类研究概况。本文对癞蝗亚科进行了形态学研究,用常规形态学方法对采自黑龙江、内蒙古、河北、陕西、山东、山西、江苏的300多号标本进行了仔细的观察,建立了2新属2新种:以“雄性下生殖板末端有明显的二分叉”(笨蝗属的下生殖板末端为尖锥状)为主要分类特征建立了华笨蝗属Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin,2008和鄂伦春华笨蝗Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin,2008;以“前胸背板沿中隆线甚高地弧形隆起,其隆起高度超过复眼纵径长度”(笨蝗属的前胸背板中隆线微隆,几乎平直)为主要分类特征建立了伪笨蝗属Pseudohaplotropis gen.n.和徂徕山伪笨蝗Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n.”。本文还用分子系统学的方法对以上2新属和2新种进行了验证。测定了采自内蒙古加格达奇和山东徂徕山的癞蝗亚科蝗虫的16S rDNA序列,并将其与从GenBank中检索的相关种类同源序列比较分析,构建了分子系统树,探讨了我国癞蝗亚科的系统发育关系,结果表明:癞蝗科昆虫碱基序列差异百分比为0.8即达到属级差异,而Pseudohaplotropis gen. n.和Sinohaplotropis间碱基序列差异百分比为1.3,说明2属间的差异达到了属级水平;该2属同其它属间碱基序列差异百分比分别高达4.6-11.0和2.9-10.2,支持2新属的建立。本文列出了中国癞蝗亚科属和种的分布图,阐述了其栖居环境特征,并描述了癞蝗亚科蝗虫体色多变且与周围环境颜色相近(保护色)的现象。本文建立了中国癞蝗亚科新的分类系统。中国癞蝗亚科的种类由原来的1属2种增加为3属(笨蝗属Haplotropis Saussure,1888、华笨蝗属Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin,2008、伪笨蝗属Pseudohaplotropis gen.n.)、4种(笨蝗Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888、内蒙古笨蝗Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982、鄂伦春华笨蝗Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin, 2008、徂徕山伪笨蝗Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n.);列出了中英文对照的中国癞蝗亚科的属和种检索表、亚科和属检索表以及欧亚大陆癞蝗亚科属检索表,在各论中详细描述了各属、种的形态特征,并附模式标本照片。本文对中国癞蝗亚科蝗虫的系统演化及其隐存种或亚种的存在等问题进行了讨论;查证了笨蝗属的原始描述,其前胸背板中隆线平直或微隆,但隆起高度不超过复眼纵径的长度,且不被后横沟切断;对沟笨蝗属的问题进行了讨论:认为夏凯龄等(1994)以笨蝗和沟笨蝗存在交配现象为由将沟笨蝗属Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979列为笨蝗属Haplotropis Saussure,1888的同物异名值得商榷,因为有很多昆虫虽交配但不能授精,或者虽能形成杂种,但杂种不育,无正常生殖力。因此应进一步运用分子系统学、细胞分类学方法,甚至需要做深入的杂交试验后才能下结论。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Pamphagidae, belonged to Acridoidea, Orthoptera, is a primitiver family in Acridoidea, containing 93 genera and nearly 600 species or subspecies in the world which mainly distribute in mountainous or semi-desert area in Africa, Europe and Asia. There are 13 genera and 48 species or subspecies in the North and North-west of China.In 2004, Otte divided Pamphagidae in the world into 8 subfamilies: Akicerinae Bolivar, I.,1916, Echinotropinae Dirsh,1961, Nocarodesinae Bolivar, I.,1916, Orchaminae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 , Pamphaginae Burmeister, 1840, Porthetinae Bolivar, I., 1916, Prionotropisinae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 and Tropidaucheninae Zhang Yin & Yin, 2003, among them 3 subfamilies were established by Chinese scholars Zhang Dao-chuan etc in 2003. In 1994, Xia Kai-ling etc regarded Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979 as the synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888. At present, there are only 1 genus (Haplotropis Saussure, 1888) and 2 species ( Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888 and Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982) of Pamphaginae from China.This thesis studied on the systematics of Pamphaginae from China by the ways of morphology and molecular systematic in order to clarify genera and species of Pamphaginae from China and establish a new taxonomic system of Pamphaginae.The introduction of this thesis introduces briefly the systematics of Orthoptera and Acridoidea; the naming, distribution, evolution, taxonomic status, taxonomic system of Pamphagidae; the taxonomic characteristics of all subfamilies of Pamphagidae from China and summaries the survey of systematics study of Pamphaginae and Pamphagidae from China and the world.In the morphology study of Pamphaginae, above 300 specimens were examined carefully collected from Provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Jiangsu by morphological method and named 2 new genera and 2 new species: first Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 (type species Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin, 2008) is allied to Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure,1888, but“subgenital plate of male triangle, apex bifurcate in dorsal view”; second Pseudohaplotropis gen. n. (type species Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n.) differs Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure,1888 and Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 by median keel of pronotum rised highly and obviously, the height larger than the longitudinal diameter of eyes.The above 2 new genera and 2 new species were verified by molecular systematic study. In this chapter, based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA partial sequences of the species of Pamphaginae from Jiagedaqi, Inner Mongolia and Culai Mount, Shandong Province sequenced and of some relative species indexed from GenBank, the homologus sequences were compared, the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed and the phylogenetic relationships of Pamphaginae in China were investigated. The result of sequences compared shows that the percentage of 0.8 of the divergence of the basic group sequences in Pamphagidae is a kind of divergence in genus level, so the percentage of 1.3 of the divergence of the sequences between Pseudohaplotropis gen. n and Sinohaplotropis shows that the divergence between the two genera arrive at genus level; the percentages 4.6-11.0 and 2.9-10.2 separately of the divergence of the two genera with other 12 genera in Pamphagidae also support the establishing of the two new genera.The distributional map of all genera and species of Pamphaginae from China is drawn and the landscape photographs of all species are also given for showing the diversity and protective coloration.This thesis established a new taxonomic system of Pamphaginae. The kinds of Pamphaginae in China add up to 3 genera and 4 species: Haplotropis Saussure,1888, Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008, Pseudohaplotropis gen.n.; Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888, Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982 Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin, 2008 and Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n from 1 genus and 2 spices. The key to genera and species of Pamphaginae from China, the key to subfamilies and genera of Pamphagidae from China and the key to genera of Pamphaginae from Eurasia are given. The descriptions and photographs of all spices (holotype) are also given.This thesis discussed the systematics evolution of Pamphaginae and its cryptic species and subspecies; checked that the original descriptions of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 are“median keel of pronotum nearly straight or slightly rise, the height not larger than the longitudinal diameter of eyes and not cut by hind transverse sulcus”; held that it is worth counseling that Xia etc.(1994) regarded Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979 as the synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 according to the mating between both individuals, because they maybe can’t inseminate, not hybrid, or the hybrid unreproducible if hybrid present. So, the conclusion can be made sure after must doing some molecular systematic and cytotaxonomy study, even making deep hybridization experiments.更多还原