【作者】 邱梦华；

【导师】 沈关宝；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文对农民合作与村庄秩序的研究源起于对当前学界关于“农民合作难”的争论和社会主义新农村建设对农民组织化要求的思考。对农民命运的关心和对农村发展的关注,促使笔者研究中国农民合作的历史与现状,并思考如何使农民走出合作难的困境,增强农民的组织化程度,实现农村的持续发展。农民合作是指农民为了解决在生产、生活中碰到的仅靠一家一户无法解决的问题和困难,与其他农民相互配合、协调行动,以实现一种既有利于自己又利于他人的结果出现的社会互动过程。中国农村有着丰富的农民合作实践,从形式上可以将这些纷繁复杂的农民合作现象分成两类:“社会交换式合作”和“集体行动式合作”。前者往往表现为一定社会关系网络内的互相帮助,后者往往表现为一个群体或团体内的协调一致行动;前者提供的是可排他性消费的私人物品,后者提供的是团体成员共同消费的公共物品。文章对这两种形式的农民合作在不同历史时期中的具体情况展开描述与比较分析。在传统时期,农民的生活基本上是自给自足的,除了有限的市场交换之外,农民还通过关系圈子内部的社会交换来实现资源的互通有无,这主要体现为农业生产上和日常生活中尤其是在重大仪式场合的互助合作。之外,村庄还面临一些公共物品的需求,比如治安防护、赈灾救助等。在组织集体合作时,宗族组织、家族力量发挥了重要作用。在传统的中国村落中,无论是社会交换的农民合作,还是集体行动的农民合作,都十分有限,却有效地满足了农民的生产、生活基本所需,实现了内生的、伦理性的村庄秩序。再分配时期,民间的、非正式的农民合作体系逐渐被官方的、正式的合作体系所取代。尤其是在生产领域,从互助组到初级社,再从高级社到人民公社,农民合作的性质一步步地被异化,自愿互利的农民合作最终变成了国家主导下无奈的集体劳动。民间自发的农民合作仅仅局限于生活领域的邻里互助,而且在数量上也很少。虽然国家的强制权力维持了农民的表面“合作”,但是公社内部农民的不合作行为自从公社诞生那一天开始就存在,表现为生产中的消极抵抗和分配中的多占多得。更重要的是,随着时间的推进,农民的不合作行为逐渐具有了修改社会制度的效应,并最终改变了具有强烈行政色彩的、外生的村庄秩序。转型时期,作为社会交换的邻里互助在改革开放初期一度得到了恢复,在地方市场的范围内发挥了重要作用。但随着改革的深入和市场范围的扩大,市场交换越来越替代了大部分的邻里互助,而且,经济领域内有限的邻里合作,已经越来越不能满足农民在市场经济下发展的需要。而提供公共物品的集体行动式的合作在改革后由于国家力量的退出和组织资源的缺乏(村民自治制度在发挥组织农民合作方面的效果并不理想)变得难了,也少了。两种形式的农民合作在转型时期都面临困境,即所谓的“农民合作难”问题。与此同时,一些村庄也陷入了失序的境况。当然,由于中国腹地辽阔,各地村情各异,“地方性知识”突出,我国农村还是出现了很多在村庄内部或跨村庄的农民合作的事例。新型的农民专业经济合作组织、农民协会、文化娱乐团体即是明证。这些民间组织既是农民合作的产物,又是农民进一步学习合作、提升合作能力的有效载体。坚持自愿、平等、互惠原则的、契约性的民间组织代表了今后一段时间内我国农民合作发展的趋势。农民以民间组织的形式合作起来,有助于形成协议的、内外共生的新的村庄秩序。本文对农民合作的研究,是放在“社会结构—社会关系—社会行动”的理论框架之中的。人们嵌入在一定的社会结构条件与社会关系网络之中,但是这种“嵌入”并不是一种完全被动的束缚,人们能够利用这些外在因素创造改变现状的机会以实现其社会目标。就农民而言,当他们在生产、生活中遇到一己力量难以解决的困难与问题时,可以通过调动各种结构与关系的资源而共同行动,这个过程就是村庄社会关联。通过“社会关联”,社会行动(者)、社会关系与社会结构被有机地、动态地联系起来了;农民合作也在社会关联的过程中实现了。具体地说,影响社会关联与农民合作的主要因素有:经济发展的性质与水平、权力的性质与集中程度、文化的价值取向、组织的性质与数量;社会关系的性质与紧密程度;人们的公私观念及社会精英的作用。通过对农民合作与村庄秩序的研究,反映了社会行动与社会秩序之间反复、循环的联动与胶着关系。具有主观能动性的行动者在一定的社会秩序约束下,通过社会行动维持、完善或者突破原有的社会秩序;社会秩序是行动者在关联性的社会行动中生成的,并继续促生着行动者的关联性社会行动。更多还原

【Abstract】 Facing the academic controversies of "the difficulties for peasant cooperation" and the demands for peasant organization in the building of a new socialist countryside, our study focuses on the peasant cooperation and village order. Concerning about the peasant fates and rural development, I attempt to analyze the history and current situation of china peasant cooperation, and consider the way through which the peasants can escape the predicament of cooperation, to strengthen the extent of peasant organization and achieve the continuous development in rural country.Peasant cooperation means that peasants cooperate with others to achieve such a social interacting process which is mutual advantage for each of them, because it is difficult to solve the problems in producing and in life by each family alone. There are rich practice experiences of peasant cooperation in china rural area. We can classify these complicated peasant cooperation phenomena into two categories in terms of their forms : the one is in the forms of social exchange networks; the other is in the forms of collective actions. The former always appears as the mutual aid in the social relation network, the latter always emerges as the concerted action in the group or community. The former provides private consumption goods, the latter provides collective consumption goods. The article describes and comparatively analyzes the specific circumstances of the two forms of cooperation in different historic periods.In the tradition period, the peasants keep self-sufficient basically, except for limited market exchanges, peasants also use the social exchanges to meet each other’s needs in their social network. This kind of cooperation mainly includes inter-cooperation in agricultural producing and grand rituals. Moreover, the village needs some public goods, such as security protection and relief aid, and so on. Clan organization and family force do much in organizing collective cooperation. In traditional rural china, whatever social exchanging cooperation, or collective action cooperation, these limited cooperation meet the needs what peasants need in producing and living very effectively, and achieve endogenetic and moral village orders.In the redistribution period, nongovernmental and informal peasant cooperation were replaced by governmental and formal cooperative institutions gradually. Particularly in the production field, from Mutual Aid Teams to Elementary Cooperative, then, from High Cooperative to People’s Communes, the qualities of peasant cooperation were alienated step by step, at last, the voluntary mutual aid of peasant cooperation became helpless collective work under the leadership of the nation. The civil spontaneous cooperation only limited in the living field by neighbourhood mutual-aids and less in amount. Though the government maintains the cooperation apparently using force, but the uncooperative action in commune presents along with its birth. Those actions include passive resistance in production and getting more in distribution. As time flows, the uncooperative action began to amend the social institutions, and changed the strong administrative and exogenous village order finally.In the transformation period, neighbourhood mutual-aid as social exchange once resumed, and functioned in local market especially at the initial of the reform. But with the deepen of the reform and the broaden of market, market exchange instead of most neighbourhood mutual-aid. And the limited neighbourhood mutual-aid in the economic field can not meet the needs of peasants anymore with the developing of market economy. The cooperation which offer public goods and act as collective action were difficult to achieved and became less, for the national force’s secession and the shortage of organizational resource (the village autonomy don’t work well in organizing peasant cooperation). The two kinds of peasant cooperation face the dilemma in the transformation period, that is the problem of "the difficulty of peasant cooperation". At the same time, some villages troubled with the disorder. But, because of vast area and the variation of village circumstances and "local knowledges", there are many examples of peasant cooperation in the village or cross-villages. Such as new peasant professional economic cooperation organization, and peasant association and the cultural-entertainment groups. These civil organizations are the products of peasant cooperation, but also the effective carriers through witch peasants can learn to cooperate and promote the cooperation capacity. The contractual civil organization that insist on the principle of voluntary and equality and reciprocity represent the tendency of our peasant cooperation in one time. The form of civil organization helps to reach the new consultative and endogenous-exogenous symbiosis village order.We place our study of peasant cooperation in the theory framework "social structure-social relation-social action". People are embedded in the social structural conditions and the social relation network. But these "embeddedness" are not passive restrains. People can take advantage of these conditions to create some opportunities through which they can change the current and achieve their social goals. For peasants, when they face the troubles and problems from producing and living that they can not solve by themselves, they carry out every structures and relational resources to form a collective action, this process is just social relevance in the village. Through the "social relevance", social agent, social relationship and social structure are combined organically and dynamically. In the process of social relevance, peasant cooperation is realized. Specifically, main element which affect the social relevance and peasant cooperation as follows: the quality and level of the economic development; the quality and Concentration of power; the value orientation of culture; the quantity and quality of organizations; the quality and density of social relationship; people’s concept about public-private; the function of social elite.The study about peasant cooperation and village order reflects the repeated and recurred linkages relations between social action and social order. Under certain social order restrictions, the agent take some action to maintain, perfect, even breakthrough old social order. Social order is the product of agent’s relevant social actions, and promotes agent’s relevant social actions conversely.更多还原