【作者】 孙正国；

【导师】 王鸿生；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 二十世纪中后期以来,媒介已成为人类文化与信息传播的一个重要维度。世界各国学者从不同角度对媒介作出理论发掘,使得媒介对于人类文化的建构性价值逐渐得到澄清,媒介已成为一种新兴的理论方法和研究视角。从媒介这一特定角度,论文分别探讨了口头形态、书面形态、戏剧形态、影视形态和网络形态等五种介质的《白蛇传》,涉及近200个异文,其论述重心是故事讲述者、故事时间和故事空间等三个维度的媒介形态与故事建构的关系。通过这样的讨论,可以形成几个初步结论:第一,人类叙事有一条媒介叙事的线索。人类起初以音义结合的口语为媒介材料来叙事,后来以讲述者的表演为媒介来辅助叙事,直到图像符号和文字出现,人类有了更为自由、丰富的叙事媒介。从此,人类叙事的媒介主要以语言、表演、图像三种元素为核心,构成媒介叙事的基本方式。而新媒介时代,人类以计算机技术和通讯技术为基础,综合传统叙事媒介,实现了媒介叙事的互动性和虚拟性。第二,厘清了“人”作为特殊媒介的人类学性质。口头媒介的弱主体性,虚拟平台上“数字人”的出现,都是人的媒介性的深刻表现。《自蛇传》的口头讲述者将自身融入白蛇故事,兼容讲述者、白蛇、青蛇、许仙、法海等多种角色,不同角色之间的转换与表演,实际上显示出讲述者的人类学存在。以此为基础,口头媒介所关涉的人的身份这一特性即弱主体性也得到发掘。因此,不同的口头讲述者在传承《白蛇传》时,各自的成长历程所积淀下来的叙事姿态和文化个性、审美选择都在故事的传承中显现出来,这既是讲述主体的自觉表达,也是口头媒介所赋予的弱主体性的反映。同时,从口头媒介发掘出来的特殊媒介“人”在其他媒介形态中也获得了相对独立的表达方式,书面媒介中“人”的媒介身份被隐藏,但仍然存在。到了表演媒介和网络媒介之后,“人”作为表演者,成为这些媒介创造“人”这种特殊媒介的基本模式。不过,表演媒介和网络媒介在表现“人”这种媒介时,有着根本性的差异。表演媒介中的“人”是以现实的人为基础,在艺术空间和技术手段的整合下创造艺术形象,传播艺术理念,实现娱乐效果。网络媒介中的“人”是以现实的人为募仿对象,依赖数字技术虚拟出近似于人的数字图形,其功能、表现、形象与现实的人非常接近,并在网络平台上由技术控制完成预设的相关任务。当代影视媒介已运用“数字人技术”,但其主体是现实的表演者。“人”的数字化媒介表达,从观念到实践都突破了传统表演者的内涵,于是,网络故事中数字人的目标已由意义传播转向娱乐互动,时间、空间的纯粹性超越,带来了“人”这种媒介的消解性表达。显然,这种消解,只是一种象征,更深层次的寓意是虚拟世界给人类提出的严肃课题:虚拟社会将给人类带来什么?第三,人类已经创造出复杂而全新的叙事方式——网络媒介叙事。在网络媒介强大的兼容功能对媒介综合的后面,也表现出单个媒介因素独立显现的可能性与抗争性。不同媒介的叙事,既反映了故事需要不断重述的内在规律,也体现了讲述者与接受者依赖于叙事方式的故事活动特征。媒介的综合性趋势以及虚拟性转型,对故事的传承将产生重要影响。在当代网络媒介正强势地包容和改变其他媒介形态时,鉴于虚拟性媒介的交互原则,可能导致故事娱乐性的片面发展,这是我们特别需要警惕的技术化陷阱。第四,媒介形态与故事建构具有必然关系。对现代《白蛇传》的多种媒介形态与故事的讲述者、故事时间和故事空间的关系讨论,可以发现,媒介因素在故事建构、传播与演变的过程中具有积极价值,同时,也反证了故事对媒介因素存在一定的选择性。不同形态的白蛇故事传承着大致相同的故事母题,这种传承包含着显著的情节变化,不同媒介因其不同的表现与表达方式,影响了具有相近母题的故事传承,也影响到故事的形塑原则。情节增删、主题选择、人物塑造、背景设置都受到媒介因素的制约或强化,在一些艺术媒介中故事的形象化特征被扩大,如影视媒介;一些艺术媒介则突出了故事的想象性,如语言媒介;还有一些艺术媒介将现实性取消而突出故事的虚拟性,这些不同表现以潜在的方式渗入故事之中,一定程度上规定了故事的呈现与传播。这些关系表明了媒介形态与故事建构存在着内在关联。另一个层次上,从传播层面考虑,也就是传播媒介传播故事的过程与故事存在内在关联,口耳相承的传播、文字与印刷的传播、影视传播的多维信息播放与传输、网络传播的虚拟扩展、全球互动以及游戏娱乐等多种传播显然对故事的生存和延续、变异都具有深刻影响,外在传播同时以相对的内在功能作用于故事,而且越是进入当代网络媒介之中,全新的传播与故事之间也越来越具有内在的互动关系,如游戏形态的故事,这种传播媒介使故事在玩家的关注与参与中得到传承,而且,可以将故事作为一种知识谱系来加以认识和理解,本质上,网络传播媒介已经改变了故事的内在结构与原初意义了。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the mid and late part of the 20th century, the medium has become an important dimension of the human culture and information dissemination. Various countries scholars make the theory excavation from the different angle to the medium. The medium has become one emerging theory method and the research angle of view. The paper has discussed "the Tale of the White Snake" from five medium: the oral shape, the written shape, the play shape, the film and television shape and the network shape. The paper involves nearly 200 unusual characters. The elaboration center of gravity is the medium shape and the story construction relations, the medium shape mainly based on the story relater, the story time and the story space dimension.Through such discussion, may form several preliminary conclusions:First, the humanity has a medium narrative clue narrative. The humanity at first narrates the pronunciation and meaning union’s spoken language as the medium material. Afterward the humanity was auxiliary relater’s performance as the medium narrates. After the image mark and the writing appear, the humanity had freely, the rich narrative medium. Henceforth, humanity’s narrative medium mainly take the language, the performance, the image three kind of elements as a core, constituted the medium narrative basic mode. The new medium time, the humanity through the synthesis tradition narrative medium, has realized medium narrative interactive and hypothesized.Second, in the medium shape, the paper has promulgated the profound influence in the hypothesized platform "the digital person". The oral relater of "Tale of the White Snake" integrates oneself the white snake story, compatible relater, Bai She, eurypholis major, Xu Xian, ocean of the law and so on many kinds of roles. Between the different role’s transformation and the performance, in fact demonstrate relater’s anthropology existence. Take this as the foundation, oral medium concern relation’s person’s status this characteristic namely weak independent obtains the excavation. The special medium which excavates from the oral medium "the human" has also obtained the relatively independent turn of expression in other medium shape, in written medium "human" the medium status is hidden, but still existed. After performance medium and network medium, "the human" takes the performer, becomes these medium creation "the human" this kind of special medium fundamental mode. However, performance medium and network medium when performance "human" this kind of medium, has the fundamental difference. Performs in the medium "the human" is by the reality artificial foundation, creates the artistic image in the artistic space and under technological means’ conformity, the dissemination art idea, realizes the entertainment effect. In the network medium "the human" is artificial solicits by the reality imitates the object, relies on the digital technique hypothesized approximate Yu Ren digital graph, its function, the performance, the image and the reality person is close, and completes the preinstall in the network platform by the technical control the related duty. "human" the digitized medium expresses, broke through the traditional performer’s connotation from the idea to the practice. Therefore, in the network story the digital person’s goal changed the entertainment interaction by the significance dissemination, the time, spatial pure surmounting, has brought "the human" this kind of medium resolution expression. Obviously, this advantage dispels, is only one kind of symbol, more implications are the hypothesized world the serious topic which proposed to the humanity: What will the hypothesized society bring to the humanity?Third, the humanity already created complex and the brand-new narrative way. It is the network medium narrates. Different medium narration, also had reflected the inherent laws about story needing to iterate unceasingly, also manifests the relater and the receiver relies on the narrative way. The medium comprehensive tendency as well as the hypothesized reforming, will have the material effect to the story inheritance. The hypothesized medium’s interactive principle, possibly causes the story entertaining one-sided development. This is the technologizing trap which we need to be vigilant specially.Fourth, the medium shape have inevitably the relations with the story construction. During the story construction, the dissemination and in the evolution process, the medium factor has the positive value. At the same time, the story has certain selectivity to the medium factor. Different shape’s Bai She the story is inheriting approximately the same story female topic, this kind of inheritance is containing the remarkable plot change, the different medium affected had the story inheritance which the close mother wrote, also affected the story shape to model the principle. The plot additions and deletions, the subject choice, the characterization, the background establishment receive the medium factor the restriction or the strengthening. In another level, considered from the dissemination stratification plane, is also the vector dissemination story process and the story existence intrinsic connection. The mouth ear succeeds one another the dissemination, the writing and the printing dissemination, the film and television dissemination’s multi-dimensional information broadcast and the transmission, the network dissemination’s hypothesized expansion, the global interaction as well as the game entertainment and so on many kinds of dissemination obviously to the story survival and the extension, the variation have the profound influence. Essentially, the network vector already changed the story intrinsic structure and the primary significance.更多还原