【作者】 吴兴民；

【导师】 阎立；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 黑客一直被认为是威胁网络安全的主要力量。许多人都认为黑客群体是干非法勾当的人、犯罪以及具有颠覆性信仰和活动的大本营。这个问题日益引起人们的关注。但直到现在,人们对黑客的了解都比较有限,对于“黑客究竟是什么?”“黑客们究竟想干什么?”众说纷纭,莫衷一是。尽管研究者甚众,但在目前,一种强烈的研究倾向便是那些关心黑客问题的人仅仅谋求通过泛泛的调查来解答只有熟悉黑客生活的人才能解答的问题。要克服这样的研究倾向,唯一的办法是实地进入黑客群体,切实地深入到他们的日常生活实践中去。只有这样,才能了解他们的文化与行动的模式,才能真正了解他们的日常生活实践并正确地解释他们的行为。为达到这一目的,本研究采取了由帕森斯提出,并由赫伯特吸收了社会学的一些最新的理论发展重新诠释了的概念“规范秩序”作为理论框架,对黑客的文化及其日常生活实践进行描述与解释。这一概念可以让我们充分考虑到黑客群体的秩序、冲突与转变的情况。我的研究主要是通过加入五个黑客论坛及两个黑客QQ群进行实地考查来进行的。此外,我还对10名愿意接受访谈的黑客进行了深度访谈。在此基础上,我利用三种资料来源可以进行资料的三角测量。根据本研究的结果,黑客的日常生活世界为六个规范秩序所构建:技术、学习、共享、自由、奉献、法律。它们提供了不同系列的规则与实践模式,黑客们可以用来定义情境并决定自己如何做出反应。同时,它们也使黑客的行动充满了意义。这六个规范秩序相互之间具有关联性,而技术则是贯穿其中的最重要的因素。它们共同建构了黑客群体的秩序并形成了黑客的群体边界。不过黑客的这些规范秩序并非象帕森斯所说的那样是“凝固的超有机体”,而是象赫伯特所说的那样是“充满冲突的”。在本文的第三章中,我主要描述了在现实中已经形成巨大影响的规范秩序的冲突问题。并通过主导规范秩序及相应的规范秩序体系描述并阐释了“黑客、骇客、红客”、“白帽、黑帽、灰帽”等黑客群体的类型化问题。而黑客类型化的结果,是在同一类型内部大大降低了规范秩序发生冲突的可能性,但在各种黑客类型之间的冲突问题却有被加剧的倾向,并同时也提醒我们关注黑客中出现的转变问题。在本文的第四章中,结合黑客的规范秩序及其冲突情况考察了黑客的转变趋势。从实际情况来看,变化是由黑客在整个社会结构当中的阈限性地位以及内部规范秩序的冲突所决定的。黑客的规范秩序告诉我们黑客在整个社会结构中处于阈限性地位,这使得其他社会成员无法根据更大的社会秩序正确解读黑客的意义,也使得同时具有两种身份(既是作为社会行动者的黑客也是作为黑客的社会行动者)的黑客无法在社会结构中获得行动的“可说明性”及意义。同时由于冲突也使得黑客内部缺乏足够的凝聚力。转变因此而发生。从现实情况看,那些与更大社会秩序的评价相一致的规范秩序体系或者黑客的类型会逐渐地发扬光大并产生回归社会结构的转变:白帽黑客与黑帽黑客逐渐成为许多黑客选择的两种不同归宿,并进而出现“从良”(或“招安”)与“利益化(具有犯罪倾向的)”两种向社会结构回归的转变趋势。总的来看,由于利益化黑客在规范秩序的可说明性上具有相对的优势而使得黑客利益化的趋势更为明显。不过我们也看到了黑客们对这两种转变趋势都具有的较量与反抗的态度。作为具有特定群体文化的黑客行动者总是在进行着“重建秩序”的努力。他们尽可能地恢复己方既有的秩序,以使自己的行动具有完整的可说明性并显得富有意义。总体上我们看到,黑客群体内部存在着一个相对稳定但又冲突与转变不断的动态化的社会秩序。黑客的行为因此而得到可说明性并被赋予意义。这是一个相当不同的群体,它松散、自由、开放,缺少一般群体所具有的立体的社会结构,秩序的维持主要靠大家的自律与群体的压力。在这样的群体中,对于秩序而言,文化的力量显然是最重要的。由此启示我们对于黑客进行文化的干预与引导是十分重要的。如何采取措施促进黑客向白帽黑客的聚集并产生良性回归社会的转变,抑制黑客向黑帽黑客的聚集与恶性的回归社会的转变,将是我们今后研究的重点所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hackers have been considered as the main threats to Internet security.Many people regard hacker groups as strongholds of illegal activities,crimes and subversive beliefs or activities.These problems have increasingly aroused people’s concerns.However,until now,people’s understandings of hackers are still quite limited."What is the definition of a hacker?""What do hackers want to do?" These questions still remain controversial and conflicting.Despite the considerable number of researchers in this research field,at present, a strong research tendency is that those who are concerned with this research seek the answers to the above questions only by superficial investigation.In fact,it is those who are very familiar with hackers and their life that can find the correct answers.To overcome such a research tendency,the only way for the researchers is to be involved in the hacker groups,and to investigate effectively into their daily life. Only in this way,can we understand their culture and behavior patters,and further understand their daily practice,and interpret their behavior appropriately.To achieve this purpose,I adopt the concept of "normative order" as a theoretical framework to describe and explain the hacker culture and daily practice. This concept is proposed by Parsons,and Herbert re-interprets it by absorbing some of the latest sociological theories,which will allow us to take into a good account the order,conflict and change of the hacker groups.My study is conducted by participating in five hacker Forums and two hacker QQ groups and by carrying out a thorough field investigation.In addition,I have interviewed 10 of the hackers who are willing to do the in-depth interview.On this basis,three types of data can be triangulated.According to the results of this study,the daily world of hackers is shaped by six normative orders:technology,learning,sharing,freedom,scarification,and law. These normative orders provide hackers different series of rules and practice patterns, so that hackers can define their own situations and decide how to respond.At the same time,they also make a hacker’s action full of meaning.The six normative orders are interrelated,of which the technology is the most important factor.They work together to establish an order for the hacker groups and form the special boundary for them.The order of the hacker groups is not as Parsons has pointed out, "a cohesive superorganic",but as Herbert has described,is "full of conflict".In the third chapter of this paper,I mainly describe the conflict of the normative orders of hackers,which has had a tremendous impact on reality.Further,by using the dominant normative order and the corresponding normative order system,this paper describes and explains the categorization of hackers,such as "hackers, crackers,Honkers","white hat,black hat,gray hat".The result of the categorization of hackers is that the possibility of conflicts of the normative orders can be greatly reduced internally in the same type,but the conflicts between different types will be intensified.It also reminds us of being concerned about the change rising in hackers.In the fourth chapter of this paper,I examine the changing trend of hackers by combining the normative orders of hackers and their conflict.In view of a practical situation,these changes are caused by hackers’ liminal status among the whole social structure and the conflict of normative orders.Hackers’ normative orders indicate hackers’ liminal status among the whole social structure,which makes the non-hacker members of society unable to interpret the meaning of hackers correctly according to a greater social order,which also makes hackers who have two identities(both Hacker as a society actor,and the social actor as a hacker) fail to get "accountability" and significance for their action in the social structure.At the same time,as a result of conflict,hacker groups are lack of adequate internal cohesion. Therefore,changes occur.From a practical perspective,those normative order systems or types of hackers in line with the evaluation of greater social order might make some hackers gradually do something good or positive to the society and start returning to the social structure:many hackers gradually choose to become white hat hackers or black hat hackers,and thus two kinds of trend of returning to the social structure will appear:"Meliorating"(or "accepting amnesty and serving the ruler") and "pursuing interests(being criminally inclined)".Overall,because those hackers who are pursuing interests have more advantages in terms of accountability,the trend of pursuing interests is more obvious.But we also can see that hackers are struggling and resisting within these two changing trends.The hacker actors with their own unique culture are always making efforts for their "renewal order".They are attempting to restore their existing order as much as possible,so that their actions can have a complete accountability and can be of significance.Above all,what we can see is that there is a dynamic social order within the hacker groups,which is relatively stable but continued conflicting or changing.It is because of this quality of these groups that hackers can be accountable and granted significance.This is a very special group type:it’s loose,free and open,lack of a three-dimensional social structure,which the general groups normally have.The maintenance of its order mainly relies on the self-discipline and group pressure.In such a group,in terms of its order,the power of culture,apparently,is of the most importance.Therefore,the implication of the research of this paper reveals that cultural intervention and cultural guide to hacker group is highly important.The future research should focus on how to take measures to accelerate hackers to transform into white hat hackers so as to return the society as positive contributors,, and how to prevent hackers being transformed into black hat hackers,to play a negative role in the social structure.更多还原