【作者】 马艳丽；

【导师】 裴玉龙；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 道路与铁道工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 大量的统计分析结果表明,70%以上道路交通事故的发生都与驾驶员及其驾驶特性直接相关,这些事故通常是因为驾驶员在驾驶过程中发生感知、判断或操作差错造成的。研究驾驶员的驾驶特性,分析驾驶员自身感知、判断及操作特性对道路交通安全的影响,提出切实可行的驾驶员安全管理对策,对于预防和控制驾驶员引发道路交通事故,进而改善道路交通安全严重状况具有重要的理论意义与应用价值。在总结和吸收国内外相关研究成果的基础上,从道路交通事故原始资料分析入手,应用层次分析理论、模糊理论等方法,采取个案微观分析和实验测试等手段,分析驾驶员自身差错与道路交通事故的相关性,研究基于驾驶特性的驾驶疲劳及综合评价问题,进而提出改善驾驶特性的交通事故预防对策。通过分析驾驶特性及其影响因素,研究驾驶自身差错与道路交通事故的相关性,从微观角度分析驾驶员自身差错事故致因,建立了驾驶员自身差错事故致因模型;采用改进的层次分析法确定导致事故发生的主要影响因素权重,定量分析驾驶特性影响因素的危险性,确定了导致驾驶员差错事故发生的主要危险因素,为制定驾驶员事故预防及控制措施提供依据。研究疲劳对驾驶员感知、判断及操作特性测评指标的影响。采集驾驶疲劳相关实验数据,研究不同驾驶疲劳程度情况下驾驶员的感知、判断及操作特性,分析驾驶疲劳程度与驾驶特性测评指标间关系;研究不同连续驾驶时间下驾驶特性测评指标的变化规律,建立了连续驾驶时间与各测评指标间的关系模型,提出了基于驾驶员驾驶特性的连续驾驶及中途休息时间建议,为制定或修订有关驾驶时间法规或条例提供了参考依据。在建立驾驶特性评价指标体系的基础上,研究基于实验心理学的驾驶特性综合评价问题。采用实验测试及对比分析方法,对不同年龄、性别驾驶员的驾驶特性指标进行测试,确定了驾驶特性测评指标阈值;基于模糊聚类分析,确立了驾驶特性综合评价等级,对驾驶员的感知、判断及操作特性进行了综合评价,结果表明综合评价等级与事故发生情况之间有良好的一致性,能够有效地评价驾驶员的驾驶特性,为驾驶员的选拔与培训提供了理论依据。依据驾驶特性研究结果,提出了改善驾驶员感知、判断及操作特性的道路交通事故预防对策。从改善驾驶员心理素质、提高驾驶员职业道德水平和安全意识等方面,提出了控制驾驶员自身差错的对策;从开展驾驶适应性检验、加强驾驶员感知、判断及操作能力训练等方面,提出了改善驾驶员驾驶特性的安全对策;基于驾驶疲劳对驾驶特性的影响研究,提出了基于驾驶特性的连续驾驶与中途休息时间建议;从预防驾驶疲劳因素角度,提出了控制急慢性困倦状态、合理安排工作和休息时间的驾驶员自我控制与调节措施。基于驾驶特性提出的道路交通事故预防对策,对于减少和控制驾驶员自身差错事故具有重要的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Quantities of statistics show that more than 70 percent of road accidents are directly related with drivers and their driving characteristics, which are generally caused by driver’s faults in perception, judgment and operation. This paper analyzes the driving characteristics, driver’s own perception and judgment as well as operating characteristics and their influence on the road safety and then, proposes the feasible driver’s management countermeasures, all of which have been regarded as an effective method concerned with propriety to reduce road accidents and enhance driving safety from existing serious situation.Based on the former research results, this paper investigates the issues of driving fatigue and comprehensive evaluation model based on driving characteristics, and analyzes the driving characteristics and their relevance with the road accidents by using the source materials analysis, applying the methods of level analysis theory and fuzzy theory, adopting means of document microscopic analysis, questionnaire and experimental test, etc. Meanwhile, under the goal of proposing countermeasures of preventing the traffic accidents by means of improving the driving characteristics, this paper systematically and thoroughly develop the research work.Based on the analysis of driver’s perception, judgment, operating characteristics and affecting factors, a accident causes model is constructed to describe the driver’own mistake characteristics and its relation with the road accidents from microscopic angle, where weight of key affecting factors are determined by improved AHP method and its affecting level is quantitatively computered so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of driver accidents and the provision of operation measures.The paper studies the fatigue influence on the driver’s perception, judgment and operating characteristics. With experimental data on driver’s fatigue, investigation has been carried out to analyze the driver’s perception, judgment and operating characteristics under different fatigue degree, the paper confirms the relation between fatigue degree and evaluation indicators of driver’s characteristics. It also studies changing rules of drivers’evaluatation standards after testing the indicator under different continuous driving time and establishes the relational model between continuous driving time and each evaluation after testing the indicator. Propose the recommended value of continuous driving time based on the driver’s driving characteristics. The findings provide the reference basis for the related departments to constitute or revise the rules of limited driving time.Based on establishing the appraisal indicator system of driving characteristics, the paper investigates the driver’s perception, judgment and operating characteristics according to experimental psychology. By adopting the test methods and comparison analysis, testing and analyzing the characteristics of certain quantity of drivers disparate in age and sex, the paper determines single item evaluation of the driving characteristics after testing the indicator threshold value; Based on fuzzy and accumulating analysis, the paper introduces the synthesis appraisal classification of driving characteristics, evaluating the driver’s perception, judgment and operating characteristics comprehensively. The result indicates that the introduced classification mode and real accidents are in good uniformity, which provides the theory basis for driver’s examination and training.Through the in-depth investigation into of driver’s characteristics and road traffic safety, the paper proposes the practical feasible countermeasures to prevent road accident for the improvement of driver’s perception, judgment and operating characteristics. From the aspects of improving the driver’s own psychology adjustment ability, strengthening the driver’s psychological training, raising the driver ’s occupational ethic standards and enhancing safe consciousness, the paper proposes the countermeasures to control driver’s own mistake characteristics and preventing the driver’s accidents; Aiming at developing driving compatibility examination, strengthening driver perception, judgment and operating ability training ,etc, the paper also put forward safety countermeasures for improving the driving characteristics; In order to prevent driving fatigue, it proposes the suggestions of longest continuous driving time and the midway relaxation time for drivers, driver’s self-control and adjustment measures. The prevention countermeasures for the driving characteristics in road accidents have practical significance for the reduction and prevention of accidents caused by the driver’s own mistakes behavior. The research results of this paper will further enrich the road safety research theory, provide the technical support for the analysis of driver’s mistakes behavior accidents, and offer the reference for management, training and the examination of the driver. Significantly, it will instruct the driver management, and also provide a safe, healthy and comfortable traffic environment of freeway.更多还原