【作者】 宋志东；

【导师】 姜生；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 专门史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在近代,随着西方国家的经济入侵,山东经济的近代化得以发端,工商业有了很大发展。传统手工业不断进行技术改良,外来手工业陆续传入山东,使手工业获得新生。近代机器工业开始出现并日益发展,手工业向机器工业转变成为一种常态。商业中心实现了转换并形成了其主导下的新商业网,商业的规模不断扩大,新式商业不断涌现,对外贸易也兴盛起来,青岛逐渐取代了烟台的对外贸易中心的地位,威海、龙口则长期处于陪衬地位。工商业的发展变迁是西方经济模式的引导、政府提倡、交通及信息的变迁、商人经营等因素综合作用的结果。工商业发展形势的变化,为山东商人的经营活动提供了有利的环境。在传统商人资本蜕化演变的同时,新式商人资本日益发展壮大,商人组织随之汰旧换新。新式商人组织商会及其下属组织同业公会,已经显示出了资本主义工商团体的性质。商人及其组织的兴替与演变,是工商经济近代化的必然结果。反过来,商人及其组织的近代变迁也推动了工商业的发展。近代山东商人的经营地域空前扩大,足迹遍布全国各地和世界五大洲,为所在地的经济发展作出了贡献。山东商人在东北的迅速发展是开拓国内市场的一个缩影,在朝鲜、日本、东南亚等国家的经营则是开拓国际市场的突出事例。近代山东商人开始涉足一些新式商业,如转运及报关业、行栈业、保险业、经纪业等。在改造传统手工业的同时,大力发展近代机器工业;在向外国商人学习的基础上,与他们进行激烈的竞争,力求有所超越。在发展近代工商业的过程中,山东商人的生产经营方式也逐渐近代化,家庭手工业、手工作坊和手工工场逐渐被工厂和公司所取代,特别是家族制下的公司经营模式融合了中、西经营管理制度的优点,为许多山东商人所接受,推动了工商业的发展。但是,传统生产经营方式仍然广泛存在,呈现出新、旧融合的过渡状态。在经营活动的过程中,山东商人创造了独具特色的地域经营文化。在义利观上,实现了从理论争辩到注重工商实践,争取利益最大化的转变。充分发扬山东人的吃苦耐劳的优良传统,艰苦创业,勇于开拓。在神祗信仰上,有普通神灵和财神、行业神崇拜,具有明显的功利性,而且神祗信仰成淡化趋势。山东商人逐渐背离安土重迁、安贫乐道的传统,变得逐利而行,逐步由保守转为开放。经营观念的更新是一大亮点;在人才观上,坚持任人唯贤,充分发挥人才的作用;坚持机动灵活的营销术,依靠与众不同的营销策略和优质的服务取胜;坚持技术改良,重视提高产品质量;竞争和超越意识明显增强,特别是采取“竞争——超越”模式应对西方国家的经济侵略,涌现出了许多敢于竞争、勇于超越的典型;重视广告宣传的作用,采用传统广告手段的同时,注意采用近代广告手段,以提升企业形象;总之,经营文化的诸多方面取得了显著进步,从而更好地指导近代工商经营实践。此外,山东商人的近代社会服务意识有所强化。自觉维护商业秩序,为政府分忧;热心于近代慈善公益事业,社会责任感明显增强;顺应实业救国的时代潮流,赋予工商经营以救亡图存的时代内涵。在近代,山东涌现出了许多商人经营的典型,堪称近代山东商人的杰出代表。章丘旧军孟氏资本集团,从传统经营地主发展为中国近代著名的民族资本集团,与其独特的经营文化息息相关,家族制下的公司经营管理模式把传统和近代有机地融合起来,成为其商业制胜的法宝。桓台苗氏资本集团白手起家,经营小本生意,然后由商而工,逐步发展为从乡村中异军突起的民族企业集团,近代企业家精神及其锐意经营实践发挥了关键作用。青州宋氏资本企业是由外国传教士扶植起来的一家企业,经过宋传典的创业奠定基础,特别是其子宋棐卿的苦心经营,逐步发展为近代中国最大的毛纺织企业——东亚毛呢纺织有限公司,形成了完备的企业文化——东亚精神。东亚精神强调提高自身觉悟和素质,以积极的姿态投身到工作中去,为企业和社会发展贡献个人的全部力量。东亚精神融合了中、西文化的积极因素,倡导以人为本的经营理念,成为近代山东商人经营文化的典范之作。这些典型个案表明,近代山东商人已经在经营活动和经营文化上,发生了有别于传统范式的脱胎换骨的变化,同时继承了优秀传统,又借鉴、吸收了西方先进的经营模式和理念,初步完成了近代化的任务。西方国家侵入山东,打乱了当地原有的经济秩序,客观上启动了山东经济的近代化。山东商人顺应形势的变化,在内忧外患的艰难环境中,克服重重困难,锐意经营,取得了显著成绩,使工商业有了很大发展。自强不息,坚持走自己的路,学习先进,改造自我,成为他们生存发展的秘诀。不难看出,经营活动是经营文化的基础,经营文化是商人经营活动的重要保证。山东商人不断对传统工商文化进行近代化改造,引进、消化和吸收外来工商文化,并进行本土化改造,从而使近代化和本土化有机地结合起来,因此经营文化的近代化取得了较好的效果。经营文化需要兼容并蓄,吐旧纳新,才能充满活力。只有将经营活动和经营文化有机地结合起来,才能形成它们之间的良性互动,从而为成功经营创造条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the modern society, the modernization of Shandong province’s economy began to start up, and therefore the modern industry and commerce of Shandong developed greatly, with western powers’ economy invading. The traditional handcraft industry achieved technique improvement ceaselessly and the overseas handcraft industries were imported in sucession and brought the rebirth of the handcraft industry. Modern mechinery industry came into existence and developed increasingly, and handcraft industry turned into mechinery industry frenquently. The commercial centers changed and formed their magistral new commercial nets. The scale of commerce enlarged and new-style businesses came forth incessantly and foreign trade also flourished. Qingdao replaced Yantai as the center of foreign trade gradually, and Weihai and Longkou were in an accessorial position chronically. The conversion of the industry and commerce was because of the introductory role of the western economy, the advocacy role of the government, the influence of the traffic and communication transform, the merchants’ management and so on. The development of industry and commerce provided advantages for the merchants’ business activities of modern Shandong.The traditional merchants’ capital evolved, and new-style merchants’ capital developed simultaneously and the organizations of the merchants metabolized. The new-style merchants’ organizations included the chambers of commerce and trade councils, which showed the characters of the industrial and commercial groups. The subrogation and evolution of the merchants’ and their organizations was the inevitable result of the modernization of the industrial and commercial economy. The modernization of the merchants’ and their organizations promoted the development of the industry and commerce contrary. The area of the business activities of the merchants of modern Shandong enlarged unprecedentedly, which spread all over China and the world, making contributions to the local economy. Shandong merchants’ rapid development in northeast China was a reduction of the expansion of the domestic markets, and their management in Korea, Japan and the Southeast Asian countries was the outstanding cases of the expansion of the international markets. The merchants of modern Shandong commenced to deal in some new-style businesses, such as transport and customs, broker’s firms, insurance, brokerage and so on. The traditional handcraft industry was rebuilt, and the modern mechinery industry developed greatly simultaneously. Shandong merchants competed against foreign merchants for transcendence. During the course of the development of modern industry and commerce, production and management mode modernized gradually. Cottage industries, handicraft workshops and handicraft plants were replaced by factories and companies, especially the family company management mode amalgamated Chinese and western management systems, which was introduced by many Shandong merchants and promoted the development of the industry and commerce. But the traditional production and management mode still existed diffusely, showing itself the new and old amalgamation.In the business activities, Shandong merchants created regional characteristic management culture. In the outlook on justice and interests, they realized from the theory contention to the attention of practice of industry and commerce and strove for the maximum benefit. They developed the eximious hardworking tradition and started their own business laboriously and had the courage to make progress. In the religious beliefs, they had common supernatural beings and worship of God of Wealth and the gods of trades, which was utilitarian and the religious beliefs were awane. Shandong merchants deviated from nostalgic provincialism, took delight in poverty and observed morals, and were wild about fame and gain and from conservatism to open-minded character. The renovations of management concepts of Shandong merchants were conspicuous. In talent ideology, Shandong merchants appointed people by abilities and made them do their best. They used the agile marketing methods and beat the adversaries by the inimitable marketing strategies and knight service. They attached importance to the technical melioration and the quality of products. Their competitive and exceeding consciousness boosted up, especially they introduced the competition-excess mode to answer the economic invasion of the western powers, and many models who dared to compete and exceed teemed. They attached importance to advertisement which included traditional and modern advertising in order to upgrade the corporate visualization. In a word, they made remarkable progress in many aspects of management culture, which thus guided the business activities more effectively. Furthermore, Shandong merchants’ modern service consciousness was strengthened in a way. They maintained the commerce order consciously to help the government to get over a difficulty. They were bound up in the charity affairs and their social responsibility was strengthened obviously. They conformed themselves to the trend of the times, enduing the management of industry and commerce with the national salvation of time connotation.Many typical operators teemed in modern Shandong, who were regarded as the representatives of Shandong merchants. Meng’s family from Jiujun town, Zhangqiu county grew into a famous modern nation capital group from farming landlords, which was closely bound up with its inimitable management culture. Meng’s corporate management under the household management was their triumphant magic weapon, which amalgamated traditional and modern factors organically. Miao’s family from Huantai county grew into a famous modern nation capital group from farmers gradually, who built up their career from nothing and first did business with a small capital and then transformed commerce to industry. The spirit of enterprisers and the aggressive management played an pivotal role in business activities. Song’s family capital enterprises from Qingzhou county grew into the biggest woll textile factory of China, that was Dongya Woll Textile Limited Company, which was propped up by foreign missionaries, based on Song Chuandian’s operation, especially by his son Song Feiqing’s painstaking operation. The company was provided with self-contained corperate culture, that was Dongya Spirit, which syncretized the positive factors of the Chinese and Western cultures. Dongya Spirit advocated the human-oriented management conception, which became a model of the merchants’ management culture of modern Shandong. These typical cases showed that the merchants of modern Shandong had thoroughly remoulded themselves from the traditional mode in business activities and management culture. They inherited the excellent tradition and imbibed the advanced western management mode and concept for reference, and had accomplished the task of modernization abecedarianly.Western powers invaded Shandong to throw the local intrinsic ecomomic order into confusion, which started up the economic modernization of modern Shandong externally. Shandong merchants conformed themselves to the transformation of the situation to overcome various difficulties in the situation of internal disorder and foreign invasions. They did their endeavor to deal in the industry and commerce and made achievements, making the industry and commerce develop prodigiously. It was the secret of survival and development that they strived to become stronger constantly, fighted their way out of the industry and commerce, and learned from the precursors and consummated themselves. It was not difficult to know that the business activities were the base of management culture and management culture was the important guarantee of business activities. Shandong merchants altered the traditional industrial and commercial culture to meet the modern requirements ceaselessly, and fetched in, digested and absorbed the foreign industrial and commercial culture and made it be provided with native characteristics. Management culture needed to absorb comprehensively and got rid of the stale and brought forth the fresh. Only in this way, could it be lifefull. It was the only correct way to integrate business activities and management culture organically, which could make both of them interactive and therefore provided conditions for the sucessful management.更多还原