音乐在戏曲继替变革中的作用

【作者】 韩启超；

【导师】 秦序；

【作者基本信息】 南京艺术学院 ， 音乐学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 纵观中国戏曲形成、发展的整个轨迹,有两个突出问题非常值得关注。一是中国戏曲尽管早在上古时期已见萌芽,为何仍需经历千百年之久的孕育、成长,直到宋元时始有“成熟的戏曲”登台?二是“成熟戏曲”产生后,却又经历一系列不同寻常的阶段性嬗变,其行程如九曲黄河般曲折,有时甚至如凤凰涅槃般艰辛,但始终波澜壮阔,日趋辉煌。其原因何在?本论文参照史学、哲学的相关理论成果,通过多角度、多层面和多重证据相结合的方法,宏观、微观交织,以探索揭示戏曲发展史中的上述奥秘。我们欣喜地发现:音乐不仅是中国戏曲最重要的组成部分,还是孕育、催生、哺育戏曲成长的巨大推力,可以说,戏曲是在远古以来中华乐舞温暖的子宫里安然孕育和逐渐成形的,即便宋元“成熟戏曲”呱呱坠地之时,透过大量“官本杂剧段数”,仍不难发现戏曲的脐带,还紧紧连接在音乐歌舞的母体上。我们还惊喜地看到,音乐也是引导戏曲战胜千难万险,“直挂云帆赴沧海”的希望女神。成熟的戏曲,依然面临无数“挑战-应战”的考验,音乐体制的巨大创新能力,时时显现。例如,南、北曲的产生,促成了南戏、元杂剧的形成与兴盛;当元杂剧面临衰落时,是南北合套的音乐体制挺身而出,既延缓了元杂剧的颓势,又促进新声传奇勃然生发;入明后,南曲在音乐方面的“改调歌之”,衍生了昆山、弋阳、海盐、余姚等众多地域声腔,而魏良辅等人的昆山腔音乐改革,更宣告昆曲艺术取代元杂剧地位,揭开了数百年昆曲辉煌的帷幕。清代中叶,板式变化体戏曲音乐经过长期萌发,促使梆子、皮黄等新声腔崛起,与传统雅部昆曲及弋阳腔诸戏争锋,一举占据剧坛主位;清晚期至民国时期,京剧艺术流派纷呈,成就辉煌,成为继昆曲之后又一大剧种,显示传统戏曲已臻完美之颠。然而,转瞬之间,戏曲又面临新的严峻挑战,连京剧也日趋衰落,以至社会上连连发出振兴的呼吁。新中国建立后大力推进戏改,十年动乱期间,京剧样板戏犹如昙花一现于文化沙漠,传统戏曲深受摧毁。但样板戏曲在音乐体制上的某些改革创新,至今仍受到一定欢迎,却多少兆示着这是未来戏曲音乐体制的可能发展方向之一,甚至有可能成为戏曲继续前进的一个重要突破口。综上,无数的挑战与应战,构建了戏曲代代继替前进的洪流,使得戏曲发展有如人类社会代代相承。音乐是引领戏曲走出一个个险滩、不断迈向“柳暗花明又一村”的重要力量。剧种的产生、形成、兴盛,有赖于相关戏曲音乐体制的发展和完善;而剧种所以衰落受窘,戏曲音乐体制的陈旧和停滞不前也难辞其咎。因此,音乐体制的变革、发展,是戏曲继替过程中对各种挑战所作出的有力应战,是推进戏曲实现代继发展的重要保证。正是音乐体制的变革,引领着戏曲前进,形成了中国戏曲史“一代有一代之戏曲”的继替演进现象。戏曲音乐体制的变革为何发生?如何发生?除求新求变的自身内因驱动外,也有各地各族音乐文化交流、融合的影响。当前,在百年中国新音乐变革发展影响下的戏曲音乐,进入了新的总结、探索时期。我们深信,倘若寻求未来戏曲发展的突破点,则戏曲音乐体制的变革与突破,仍将提供重要启示和积极的引领作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Throughout the whole orbit that the Chinese traditional opera form, the development,there are two outstanding problems merit attention very much. First, Chinese traditional opera as early as in ancient times despite already sprouting, the need for thousands of years-long experience of breeding, growing, until the Song and Yuan Dynasties only when "mature opera" to come into being. Second, "Mature opera" produced, but through a series of unusual short-term evolution, whose travel if as nine bend Huanghe River circuitous, sometimes as hard as Phoenix Nirvana, but always torrential magnificent and day by day splendid. What is the reason for it ?This paper reference to history and philosophy related to the theoretical results, through a multi-angle, multi-level and multi-the method of combining evidence, the macro-and micro-cutting, to explore the history of traditional opera revealed in the mystery.We happily discovered: music is not only the most important component of Chinese traditional opera,or breeding, birth, nurturing the growth of traditional opera great thrust,It can be said that since the traditional opera is the ancient Chinese music and dance in the warm womb of enronly breeding and gradually forming, Even the Song and Yuan Dynasties "mature opera" was born when.Through the large number of " the official zaju repertoire," traditional opera is still easily find the umbilical cord, but also closely connected to the mother on the dance music.We are also surprised to see that:music is also the hope that the Goddess guiding the traditional opera To overcome difficulties. Mature opera, still faces numerous challenges - the fight tests, music system tremendous ability to innovate, from time to time show. For example, The southern melodies and the northern melodies production promoted the southern opera, the Yuan zaju formation and prosperous; When Yuan zaju faced with decline, appeared the north and south to gather the set of music system, Both delayed the Yuan zaju declining destiny, and promoted new sound legend thriving; Since has entered the Ming Dynasty, The southern melodies through change tune and language in music sing, to produce have propagated region opera and so on Kunshan,Yiyang, Haiyan, Yuyao, Wei Liangfu et al. the drama music reforms urges the Kunqu opera art to move towards magnificently, And has substituted for the Yuan zaju status, Kunqu opera has opened several hundred years of brilliantly curtain.The middle of the Qing Dynasty, The board style change body drama music germination promotion the bang zi、the xipi and so on the new tune rises, Fight with the traditional elegant Kunqu opera and the Yi yang opera, and occupies the dramatic world main body status;The end of the Qing Dynasty till the Republican period, Peking Opera art school numerous, magnificent achievement, Since has become continues the Kunqu opera a big kind of drama, As if symbolized the traditional drama has already achieved the perfect boundary. But soon ,traditional opera is confronted with new grave challenge, even Peking Opera has amazed even the increasingly fading, Down to social running fire put up appealing for developing vigorously. After the founding of New China vigorously promote the reform of traditional opera,during a decade of turmoil, The Peking opera model play flash appears just as tanhua in the cultural desert, The traditional opera depth is destroyed. But Peking opera model play in music system’s certain reform innovation, Until now still received certain welcome,actually how many indicates that this will be one of future opera music system’s possible development directions,Even has the possibility to become an important breach which the traditional opera continues to go forward.Synthesized above said, The innumerable challenges with accepted a challenge, have constructed the traditional opera generation of following for the advance mighty current, Causes the traditional opera to develop like the human society to inherit from generation to generation.. Music is to guide traditional opera to step off every dangerous shoal , marches toward the bright important strength unceasingly.The kind of traditional opera production, forms, prosperously, depends on the related drama music system’s development and the consummation; But kind of the traditional opera, therefore the decline is embarrassed, the drama music system obsolete also accountability. Therefore, music system’s transformation, the development, are the traditional opera following for the process in powerful accepting a challenge which makes to each kind of challenge, are advances the traditional opera to realize the generation following the development important guarantee. Be exactly music system transforming , be guiding traditional opera to go ahead, Formed the Chinese drama history“a generation had a generation of the traditional opera”has inherited the replace evolution phenomenon.Why does the drama music system’s transformation occur? How to occur? Besides strives for own internal cause actuation which strives for changes newly, Also has the regional various races music cultural exchange, the fusion influence.Currently, under hundred year Chinese new music transformation development influence’s drama music, entered the new summary, the exploration period . We are convinced that: if exploring the breakthrough point that future traditional opera develops , traditional opera music system’s transform and break , will still provide the important enlightenment and a positive lead role.更多还原