【作者】 李军；

【导师】 陈士俊；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国高等教育的发展,高校间的竞争越来越激烈。保持高校间的生态竞争,直接关系到高校的生存与发展,关系到国家的经济发展与强盛。高校在竞争中如何建立自己的强势生态位,明确自己在高校系统中的层次与地位,不仅是高校保持或办出特色的前提,也是高校发展的战略性问题。本文在对中国高等学校竞争现状和问题分析的基础上,按照高等学校生态位研究与评价、高等学校生态竞争力研究与评价、高等学校生态竞争环境资源分析和战略定位的逻辑框架进行研究。以教育学、生态学、经济学、管理学、系统科学理论为基础,从理论与实践两方面提出了一些具有现实意义的观点和对策。其主要内容如下:1.运用系统分析的方法探讨了国内外高等教育理论、教育生态理论、竞争理论的流派、特点及对我国高等教育的影响;探讨了教育生态的生态学特征,概括了国内外学者关于教育生态方面的论述。为高等教育生态竞争问题的研究提供了理论基础与支撑。2.在对高等学校生态系统含义阐述的基础上,分析了高等学校生态系统的特征、组成要素与结构;界定了高等学校生态位内涵;阐述了具有竞争关系的高等学校依据竞争实力的大小,可以形成竞争排斥、竞争重叠、竞争回避、竞争分离等现象;提出高等学校在定位时可以依据生态位原理做到“市场”细分,从资源、时间、规模、空间、压缩或释放、移动等生态位上考虑,做到生态办学。构建了高校生态位的态势模型、超体积模型、宽度模型、重叠模型、分离模型、适宜度模型和协同进化模型,为高等学校生态位的评价奠定了基础。3.运用高校生态位模型分析了山东省37所高校、按学科类别分类的中国13类高校、按区域分中国31个省市的区域高校的生态位,并研究了不同类型的高校发展与所在区域经济发展的关系。以山东工商学院为例对高等学校生态位态势变化规律进行了实证研究,得出高等学校发展过程态的变化一般符合钟形,势的变化呈现S型。并对山东省15所大学资源利用生态位宽度和重叠情况进行实证研究与分析,检验得出高校评价的生态位宽度与重叠的合理公式组合。评价结果可以为教育管理者正确认识所辖高校或区域教育的地位提供参考依据。4.在对高等学校竞争的社会动因及特征分析的基础上;阐述了高等学校生态竞争是由竞争的主体与客体构成的,通过对高等学校生态竞争力的内涵界定,构建了高等学校生态竞争动力系统结构模型;运用竞争理论、梯度分析理论、生命周期理论等,分析、评价高校竞争态势;利用生物演进中的竞争与协同理论和系统结构理论,构建了中国高校竞争分析的动力模型和“四态”解释框架,从静态、动态、势态、生态的角度设计了“三层、三维、三系、三元”结构模型,对于高等学校生态竞争各要素之间的运行机制和有效组合提出建议和设想,为科学合理地认识高校竞争提供了新的视角。对高等学校正确分析竞争的内外因素,有效利用竞争的动力,合理避免竞争的阻力,促进高等学校的有效竞争起到引导和借鉴作用。5.疏理了现有高等学校竞争力评价指标体系的特征与不足,针对目前高等学校评估中存在的误区,确立了高等学校生态竞争评价指标体系建立的原则和方法,建立了中国高校生态竞争力评价指标体系。将生态位理论中的生态宽度和生态重叠理论应用到中国高校评价中。在用主成分分析法对生态指标进行优化的基础上,构建了高等学校的生态竞争力FA-BP综合评价模型,并以山东省15所高校的实际数据对模型进行了模拟检验。生态竞争力评价指标以及模型丰富了高校评价理论体系。6.从高等学校生态环境的特点出发,将生态理论、战略理论以及国外大学营销理论应用到高校管理中,分析了中国高等学校竞争环境和资源状况,提出提高高校管理绩效的理想状态组合是:“环境机遇——目标——战略——组织结构——管理系统。”运用系统的思想对高等学校生态竞争的人力资源和资金等有形资源,以及声誉、形象、知名度等无形资源等进行分析,建立高校喜爱度和高校形象分化模型,确定高校的主要影响因子,为科学合理地制定生态竞争战略提供了认识基础。7.以生态竞争战略思想为指导,将战略管理理论、高校生态类群理论应用到高校竞争分析中,提出了中国高校竞争的分类、分层的方法和合理定位的理论基础,以及培育中国高等学校生态竞争力的途径。对高等学校科学合理地制定生态竞争战略具有一定的借鉴作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of Chinese higher education, the competition among Chinese Higher Education Institutions (CHEIs) is becoming more intense, the situation of which is directly connected with not only the survival and development of CHEIs, but also with the whole national prosperity and economic development. The establishment of a strong niche for CHEIs, together with an assured position in the whole ecology system, is a precondition of strategic importance for the establishment and maintenance of featured education. The logic of this dissertation goes from the analysis of the competition situation of CHEIs to the analysis of ecology competition resources and strategy orientation of CHEIs, during which the study and evaluation of the niche, the ecology competitiveness forms a reference basis. Basing its theories on pedagogy, ecology, economics, management and system sciences, this dissertation puts forward, in theories and practice, some realistic viewpoints and practical measures. The main points of this dissertation include:Ⅰ. Utilizing systematic analysis, the author of this dissertation first discusses different schools of higher education, education ecology, education competition theories both at home and abroad, their characteristics and influences on Chinese higher education; then s/he probes into the ecological characteristics of educational ecology, and generalizes the researches of education ecology by experts both at home and abroad, which functions as the theoretical basis for the study of higher education ecology competition.Ⅱ. The explanation of CHEIs’ecology system leads to further analysis of its characteristics, constituents and structure. Meanwhile, the niche connotation of CHEIs is defined. Due to competitiveness, the dissertation points out, competing CHEIs can have different competition relations such as repulsion, overlap, elusion, and separation. When making education orientation policies, CHEIs must divide the“market,”and consider the niche factors of resources, time, scale, space, condensation or release, and motion, the ultimate goal of which is niche education. Different niche models of situation, ultra-volume, breadth, overlap, separation, suitability and cooperation are constructed, which lay a foundation for the niche evaluation of CHEIs.Ⅲ.The above niche models are used to analyze the niches of 37 CHEIs in Shandong Province, 13-other types according to disciplines, and more in other provinces of China in different regions. The relationship between regional economic development and CHEIs development is also probed into. A case study of Shandong Institute of Business and Technology shows the changes of niche, the development of which follows a bell curve and trend of change corresponds the letter“S”. Then, the resources of 15 other colleges and universities in Shandong province are studied and analyzed according to the niche models of breadth and overlap, after which a rational evaluation formula to evaluate the niche breadth and overlap is elicited and tested. The evaluation results can be references for education managers to have a correct view of the positions of their pertinent colleges and universities in their respective regions.Ⅳ.Social reasons and characters leading to college competition are examined. Ecology competition of CHEIs is composed of both subject and object. Having defined the connotation of CHIEs ecology competitiveness, the author of this dissertation constructs a systematic-structure model to examine the ecology competition dynamics of CHEIs.Theories of competition, gradient analysis, and life cycle, and so on are used to analyze and evaluate the competition situation among CHEIs. Further, theories of Competition and Cooperation in biological evolution and systematic structure are employed to construct one dynamical model of competition analysis and one framework of“4 situations,”which covers static, dynamic, potential, and ecological aspects. A new structure model of 3 layers, 3 dimensions, 3 series and 3 elements tables proposes and tentative plans to the operating mechanism and effective combination of competition factors, and it also provides new aspects to recognize the competition among CHEIs. This model will also function as a guide and reference for CHEIs to analyze the competition factors inside and outside, to utilize effectively the dynamics and to escape from resistance, and finally to promote effective competition.Ⅴ.The characters and deficiencies of the index system available to evaluate CHEIs competitiveness are explained and accordingly, the principles and methods of a ecology competition index are established. A new index system based on ecology competition is constructed, with the niche theories of breadth and overlap being applied to the evaluation of CHEIs.On the optimization of ecological index, using Principal Component Analysis, FA-BP, an integrated evaluation model is build up to evaluate ecology competitiveness, which is also tested with the data of 15 colleges and universities in Shandong Province. Both the index system and the model have the theoretical systems to evaluate CHEIs enriched.Ⅵ.According to the characters of CHEIs ecology environment, with new theories of ecology, strategy, and marketing in foreign universities being applied to CHEIs management, after an analysis of the competition environment and resources of CHEIs, an ideal combination of conditions to improve the management of CHEIs is concluded:“environment opportunity—target—strategy—organization and structure--management system.”Systematic theory is used to analyze both tangible resources such as HR, capital, etc. and intangible resources such as reputation, image, fame and so on of CHEIs. A differentiation model of the degree of being favored, together with a visual image model, is established. Main factors affecting CHEIs are defined, which provide a cognitive basis to the formulation of a reasonable and scientific strategy of ecology competition.Ⅶ.Under the guidance of ecology competition strategy, the theories of strategic management, ecology clustering of colleges and universities are applied to the analysis of competitions. Methods to classify and rank CHEIs competitions are suggested. The theorietical foundation of rational education orientation for CHEIs and the ways to cultivate ecology competitiveness are put forward. All the above achievements will be useful, to some extent, for colleges and universities to set down rational and scientific ecology competition strategies.更多还原