【作者】 赵汀；

【导师】 王安建；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质科学院 ， 岩石学、矿物学、矿床学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 矿山环境问题是当前我国面临的一个重要挑战,人类对矿产资源的大规模开发不可避免的破坏了原有的自然界的环境平衡,矿山开发可能产生的污染对人类的生存环境会造成了严重的污染,矿山地质灾害危害了人们生命安全和财产安全。德兴铜矿是我国最大的铜矿企业,拥有最多的铜产量和亚洲最大的尾砂库,笔者自2002年至2005年在国土资源部《矿产资源开发对矿山环境的影响及整治示范研究研究》项目中对德兴铜矿进行研究工作,从水质污染监测、土地利用变化信息、植被受污染动态监测、矿山地质灾害四个方面提出了一套遥感监测技术方法,并做出了评价,相对于传统调查方法有快速、低成本、宏观性好等特点。以TM、SPOT等多源遥感数据为主要信息源,结合SRTM雷达测量地形数据,通过计算机图像处理,在不同分辨率信息源融合的基础上,提高遥感信息的有效性。采用人机交互解译方式,提取反映矿区地质环境、地理环境、生态环境的遥感信息,分析矿山环境污染的形成机制,制作环境遥感评价图,最终快捷方便地得到了环境监测结果。配合适当的野外实地验证的方法,对比不同时相的遥感资料,分析矿区动态变化趋势,获得了令人满意的效果。本文主要获得的成果如下(1)基于水体在不同污染程度的光谱特征,提出了水质污染遥感评价模型,提取了4景不同时期的TM影像的水体综合污染浓度指数,分析了大坞河和乐安河的水体波谱特性,并根据污染指数得出污染源的位置、污染物的扩散动态变化,以便能及时采取防护措施。得出结论:乐安河上游没有污染,污染的大坞河水在两河交汇处开始汇入,污染了乐安河下游,乐安河1986年至1992年污染较轻,但从1992年到1996年污染逐步恶化,经过治理2000年总体有所好转,污染程度有所下降。(2)提出一套基于多光谱融合技术的植被破坏面积计算方法,可以准确快速的计算04年至05年植被破坏面积;用归一化NDVI植被指数评价24年来德兴铜矿的植被污染情况,分析了变化趋势,得出结论:由于矿山只注重生产而忽视了环境保护和污染治理,从1986年至1992年矿山植被质量逐步下降,1992年至1998年快速恶化,1998年是植被污染最为严重的时候,但自1998年矿山重视环境的治理以米,污染恶化的趋势开始减缓,到2000年的时候生态环境已经得到改善。(3)基于不同时相、不同分辨率的影像与DEM融合后提取矿区采场和废石堆面积和体积变化信息。将DEM做为遥感影像的一个波段参与分类运算,解决了城镇等人工建筑物与具有相同波谱特征的废石堆、采矿场区分的难题,通过统计计算得到废石堆的面积和体积从92年到2000年一直在增长,面积由92年的2.4平方公里扩展到2000年的5.6平方公里,体积扩展了超过1倍。(4)针对矿山地质灾害调查,提出一套基于遥感和GIS综合评价的方法。利用高精度的航天飞机雷达地形数据SRTM提取地形评价因子,根据NDVI植被指数提取植被类型,分析植被类型与滑坡灾害的相关性,划出滑坡高风险区域,并且结合实地调查定量分析圈定滑坡体。(5)基于遥感地形测绘技术,计算了4#尾砂坝的容积、汇水面积等参数,同时也分析了德兴四号尾矿坝溃坝等灾害的预警机制,建立了溃坝预警模型。(6)基于影像金字塔索引技术,开发了矿山三维虚拟现实系统,实现大数据量遥感数据快速索引、显示的技术,与栅格DEM数据进行配准,解决大数据量遥感影像的三维可视化技术难题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The environmental degradation in mining area is the modern challenge for both the mining companies and MRL. Large-scale mining activity can disturb balance of our nature. Mining pollution can damage human living environment and endanger lives and properties.Dexing copper mine is one of the leading mining companies in our country. The 4# tailing reservoir of Dexing copper mine has biggest capacity in Asia. A study of environment of Dexing copper mine was carried out in project "effect and renovation of mineral resource exploitation on environment" from year 2002 to 2005. A series of space-based environment monitoring methods were employed based on fieldwork, including water pollution monitoring, LUCC monitoring, vegetation pollution monitoring, mining geological hazard assessment. Furthermore evaluation on mining environment has been fulfilled. They are faster, cheaper, bigger scale over regular monitoring methods. Based on satellite data such as TM, SPOT, SRTM radar survey data author enhanced satellite information effect. Author extracted indicator of geological environment, geography, ecosystem based on human-machine alternative interpretation on satellite data, analysis process of mining environment pollution, produced environmental evaluation map. In addition environmental changing trend was analyzed through satellite data in different period based on field check.Results(1) Based on water spectrum properties in different pollution level, the water pollution assessment model was carried out. Water pollution indicator was extracted from four TM satellite data. The spectrum properties of Dawu river and Yuean river were analyzed. Finally, contamination expansion trend and location were figured out based on water pollution indicator. Result: Yuean river was contaminated by Dawu river at the conjunction point of these two river. Before join with Dawu river Lean river was clean. During year 1986 to 1992 Yuean river was slightly contaminated. But from year 1992 to 1996 water quality progressively deteriorated. Due to environmental recover water quality turn to be better than year 1996 in year 2000.(2) A vegetation deterioration statistic method based on spectrums fusion technology was carried out. This method was used to figure out the deterioration size from year 2004 to year 2005. Study on NDVI indicator of vegetation pollution demonstrated that the environment change can be divided into three stages. From year 1986 to 1992 environment deteriorated slowly. But between year 1992 to 1998 environment deteriorated sharply because of neglect of environmental protection. In 1998 the situation can not be worse. Fortunately, after year 1998 the Dexing copper mine company has been paying more attention to environment protection. Then the environment started to recover day by day. In year 2000 the NDVI indicator shows that situation is much better than year 1998.(3) Land-use change information was extracted from multi-temporal and multi-resolution satellite image. In addition, the ever expanding mine tailing volume was figured out based on DEM data. This method solved the problem of distinguishability of the waste rock and building. Result: waste rock pile size expanded from 2.4KM~2 in 1992 to 5.6 KM~2 in year 2000. Volume expanded 1 time than in year 1992.(4) In order to deal with geological hazard survey, a method based on GIS and remote sensing was put forward. Analysis the correction of the land cover and landslide. Determining of highly endangered regions for landslides based on topographic factors extracted from SRTM, the vegetation indicators from NDVI.Further mapping the landslides bodies quantitatively on spots.(5) Based on terrain analysis the capability of 4# tailing reservoir and catchment basin size were figured out. Analyzing the early warning mechanism and model of Dexing 4# tailing reservoir collapse are established.(6) 3D mine virtual reality software was developed for Dexing environment demonstration. It utilized 3 D visualization technology on large amount data.更多还原