【作者】 李融；

【导师】 王如才；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 水产养殖， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 鲟鱼类是现存最古老的原始硬骨鱼类,而且都是被《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)列入附录中的濒危动物。20世纪90年代初,除了资源调查和人工增殖研究外,中国的鲟鱼人工养殖还是空白。从那时起,仅仅10几年的时间,通过对黑龙江流域鲟鱼的研究开发和从国外引进优良品种和技术,以及鲟鱼养殖技术的普及推广,我国的鲟鱼养殖得到巨大发展,产量已经跃居世界第一。基于可持续发展理论,为了使鲟鱼养殖产业在未来能够健康、稳定、持续发展,就要使鲟鱼养殖产业与环境、人类的需求与产业的发展之间的关系相适应,保持鲟鱼养殖产业与生态、环境、社会的协调发展。但目前我国鲟鱼养殖产业存在很多问题,许多方面都与我国的对虾和大菱鲆等养殖产业的猛长暴跌、不稳定持续发展的过程非常类似。必须及时研究对策,以免重蹈覆辙。在回顾总结中国鲟鱼养殖产业的发展历程后,作者报告了自己在2007年7～8月对我国11个主要鲟鱼养殖地区的养殖场、育苗场所做的调查,以及对全国一些重要的销售市场所做的调查。通过分析调查结果,与农业部渔业局的统计资料对照,作者从商品鱼生产、苗种生产、养殖品种、养殖技术、养殖方式、饲料使用、养殖区域、产业组织模式、市场与贸易等9大方面,分析了我国鲟鱼养殖产业现状,并提出了目前存在的8个方面的问题:1、鲟鱼苗种和种质资源保护的问题:苗种供应仍不能自给自足;缺乏原种场和良种场;杂交鱼种混乱;外来鲟鱼对长江土著鲟鱼的种质基因造成威胁。2、养殖过程中的环境污染和使用劣质饲料所引发的疾病。3、养殖药物残留对公共食品安全的潜在危机。4、养殖环境污染严重,水质恶化。5、商品鱼消费规格太小(1～1.5千克);鲟鱼制品的深加工发展迟缓。6、单一的鲜活鲟鱼消费形式限制了国内市场增长;国际市场仍有待开拓。7、目前普遍存在的“公司+农户”的产业组织模式不适应当前公共食品安全和未来出口时CITES公约的要求。8、政府部门缺乏有效支持;行业协会空缺;法规落后于产业发展;黑龙江鲟鳇鱼资源保护不力。针对这些问题,作者提出了我国鲟鱼养殖产业可持续发展的8个方面的对策:1、树立科学的发展观,提高公众的可持续发展的意识。2、政府加强宏观调控作用,完善产业管理。其中作者首次提出了实行“区分品种的最低销售规格”的鲟鱼销售制度,即各种纯种鲟鱼类不得低于1.5千克的最低规格销售,而各种杂交鲟可以低于1.5千克规格销售。这样既满足了国内市场传统的鲜活鱼的消费需要,又鼓励了企业养殖大规格鲟鱼加工成制品和出口。3、针对鲟鱼类全部属于国际公约保护的濒危动物的特点,作者首次提出了建立“区分国内、外市场,使用不同标记”的鲟鱼养殖标记制度,即以出口为目标的鲟鱼,采用RFID电子标签,来突破CITES公约的国际贸易技术壁垒;对于在国内销售的鲟鱼,则使用廉价的标记,以符合即将全面实施的水产品质量追溯制度的要求。4、作者首次提出了可持续发展的鲟鱼产业组织模式,即:鲟鱼协会+企业+鲟鱼养殖专业合作社+鲟鱼养殖户。而根据目标市场是国内或者国外市场的不同,又分成4种机制。作者阐述了模式中鲟鱼协会、龙头企业、鲟鱼养殖合作社和养殖户的作用和该模式的运行。5、实施科技体制改革与创新,全面促进鲟鱼养殖产业升级。6、推动鲟鱼加工部门发展,完善营销体系,扩大消费市场。7、提高鲟鱼养殖水平,建立原种场和良种场,合理利用资源,生产优质鲟鱼,同时要抓好病害防治工作。8、加强我国鲟鱼资源的保护与开发力度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Sturgeons,which are all in the appendices of "the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora"(CITES),are the existent most primordial teleostean fishes on the globe.At the beginning of 1990s,the Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry of China still remained blank except resources investigations and researches on artificial multiplication.But only ten years since then,there has been a great development of Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry in China by right of researches and exploiture of Sturgeons in the Amur River,introduction of good Sturgeon species and aquaculture technologies from abroad and popularizing of Sturgeon Aquaculture technologies.China is now the biggest Sturgeon Aquaculture production country in the world.According to the theory of sustainable development,the Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry must harmonize with the zoology,environment and human society to develop healthily,stably and sustainably.However,there are currently many problems with the Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry of China.Some aspects are very similar with the un-sustained Prawn Aquaculture Industry and Turbot Aquaculture Industry which grew with a rush and declined suddenly. Hence there is a need to study the countermeasures to prevent from following the same disastrous road.After reviewing the history of Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry of China,the author reports a latest survey of the commercial Sturgeon farms and Sturgeon fry nurseries located in the 11 top important Sturgeon Aquaculture provinces in China in July and August of 2007,as well as a survey of some important domestic fish wholesale markets.Analyzing the figures of the surveys and comparing with the statistical figures from the Bureau of Fisheries,Ministry of Agriculture,the author describes the current situation on 9 aspects as commercial Sturgeon production,Sturgeon fry production,species,technology,manner,feed,production zones, industry structure mode,as well as marketing and trading.The author then brings forward the major problems on 8 aspects:1.Unself-sufficient domestic production of Sturgeon fry,lack of original breeding stocks farms and well-bred breeding stocks farms,disordered hybridization,potential threat of genetic pollution to the aboriginal Sturgeons in the Yangtze River from the exotic species;2.Diseases originated from environmental pollution and poor quality fish feed utilized;3.Potential threat to the public food safety by the fish medicine residual;4.Heavy pollution of the Aquaculture environment and water;5.Too small consumption size of Sturgeon and slow progress of Sturgeon processing industry;6.The restriction of domestic market by the single consumption way of live and fresh Sturgeon and very small amount of export;7.The current existed industry structure mode of"corporation+individual farmer" does not satisfy the current requirement of public food safety and will not satisfy the intending requirement of CITES for export;8.Lack of effective support from the government,lack of the guild,dated rules of law and powerless management of protection of the Sturgeons natural resources in the Amur River.The author suggests countermeasures on 8 aspects as:1.To set up the scientific viewpoint of development and enhance the public understanding of sustainable development.2.The government should take effective measures to perfect the macro management of the Sturgeon Industry.The author suggests for the first time a regulation of "Minimum Consumption Size Limitation Based on Different Species" which allows the hybrid Sturgeon to be sold smaller than 1.5kg for consumption whereas the pure species are not allowed.This will either satisfy the requirement of traditional live and fresh Sturgeon consumption of the domestic market or will encourage the corporations to raise bigger Sturgeons for processing and export.3.As all Sturgeons are endangered animals controlled by CITES,the author suggests for the first time a system of"Different Labeling Based on Domestic Sales and Export".This asks to label the Sturgeons aiming for export with Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) which is more expensive but well accepted by CITES.As for the Sturgeons farmed for domestic sales, easy and cheaper labeling manners should be used to meet the request by the Seafood Traceability System which will be implemented soon in China.4.The author brings out for the first time the sustainable industry structure mode of Sturgeon Industry as "Sturgeon Guild+Corporations+Sturgeon Farmers’ Professional Co-operatives +Sturgeon Farmers" and its four mechanisms based on domestic sales and exports.The author also describes the role of each part of the mode.5.To innovate the system of science and technology and to upgrade the Sturgeon industry.6.To promote the development of Sturgeon processing sectors,to perfect the marketing system and to enlarge the consumption market.7.To heighten the Sturgeon Aquaculture level,to set up original breeding stocks farms and well-bred breeding stocks farms,to raise Sturgeons by making rational use of all resources, and to improve the prevention and cure of fish diseases.8.To improve both the protection and utilization of national natural Sturgeon resources.更多还原