【作者】 张理敬；

【导师】 高存臣；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 物理海洋学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会经济和工业的快速发展、城市化进程的加快以及人口的迅速增长,高大空间建筑物迅速增加成为未来发展的趋势,随之而来的大空间火灾防治问题也成为关注焦点。特别是近几年来,我国对森林防火越来越重视,以往的以人工操作为主、自动化程度低、监测与通信手段落后的森林防火模式已经远远无法满足现代森林防火的需要。传统的火灾探测技术无法有效地解决森林等大空间的火灾探测问题,而在一些国家广泛使用的遥感技术,由于投入成本较高而难以在小面积区域性林区大范围普及,因此基于图像的火灾探测技术作为一种新型、有效的探测技术,必将具有广阔的应用前景和使用价值。本文分析了森林火灾管理过程,从森林火灾的预防、救援、救灾、灾后重建等环节入手,将森林防火管理过程分为4个相互衔接的循环阶段:缓解、准备、响应与恢复。研究了每个阶段中森林防火的关键点,在此基础上构建了不同阶段的森林防火模型,提出了一个相对完善的森林防火体系。本文深入研究了热红外探测图形型火灾检测技术,并根据这一技术设计了被动式红外雷达森林火灾监测方法,为早期监测小面积的火灾提供了可能。本文对火灾的快速判别进行了深入的研究。首先,根据早期火灾火焰的图像特征和CCD的工作原理,提出了以监测现场背景的平均亮度为反馈调节CCD摄像机曝光时间的方法,以实现火灾图像的快速增强;并以当前摄像机视角下的背景图像为参考,采用差影法实现火灾隐患区域的快速裁剪。其次,将“晶体结晶”理论引入图像分割中,提出了基于热力学原理的图像分割算法。算法结合火灾火焰图像的先验知识,可以快速、准确地提取火焰目标区域。第三,提出了利用“面积判据”和“尖角判据”综合判据,判别火灾的算法及方案:用“面积判据”进行火灾预报警的粗略判断,以提高警惕,在预报警的基础上再用“尖角判据”精确识别,准确判断是否发生火灾。对火焰跟踪技术进行了深入的研究。首先介绍了一般图像跟踪理论框架,给出了火焰跟踪的难点和对策,有效地实现了火焰的跟踪。在火焰疑似区域跟踪的基础上,提取火焰动态特征序列,进行动态特征分析。对高度、面积、亮度等单特征量,先进行变化特征二值化,有效排除干扰,然后进行离散Fourier变换进行频谱能量分析,形成量化判据。对边缘特征,考察临近若干帧的最大变化,对变化特征进行定性和定量分析,形成边缘特征判据量化结果。在各特征判据量化的基础上利用概率更新函数进行特征融合,实现火灾判定概率化。研究了基于GIS的视频定位并设计了云台的单片机控制系统。探讨了视频定位的研究目标,设计了定位的UML活动图,把数字化云台与地形地貌相结合,对火点进行准确定位,同时对定位点进行定性地名映射,找出最佳救援路线,为火灾的快速救援提供科学的参考依据。以TCP/IP协议接收主控机的控制指令,通过PWM调速,用数字PID控制实现对云台直流电机的位置闭环控制以扩大摄像机的监测视野、降低系统成本,为摄像机视角精确定位提供了保证。依据本文提出的算法和实际需要,应用数字微波监测技术构建了一个基于GIS的泰山森林防火系统。为及时准确发现火点、快速调度、快速扑救提供了一个有力的工具。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the rapid socio-economic and industrial development, the accelerated process of urbanization and population growth, rapid increase in large space buildings become the future development trend, the large space fire prevention issues following will also become focus. Especially in recent years, the fires prevention is paid more and more attention in our country, a past one by artificial to operate as main fact, low automatic intensity, backward means of monitoring and communication forest fire prevention mode has been already far unable to meet modern forest fire prevention need. Traditional fire survey technology is unable to solve the fire survey problem of large space such as forest, etc. effectively. The remote sensing technology used in some countries extensively can’t be prevalent in small area of forest because of its high cost. So the fire survey technology based on images will have broad application prospect and use value as a new and effective survey technology.This paper analyzed the managing process of forest fire. It started with the links of prevention, rescue, disaster relief, rebuilding after forest fire etc., and divided the management of forest fire prevention into 4 cycle stages connecting each other: Relieve, prepare, respond and resume. To study the key to the forest fires prevention in each stage, construct different fire prevention model on this foundation and put forward one complete forest fire prevention system relatively.This paper investigated the fire detection technique based on thermal infrared imagery, and designed the infrared radar forest fire monitor method of passive form. It is possible to offer a method of monitoring the fire in little area early.The quick identification for fire is studied further in the paper. Firstly, the method of feedback adjusting CCD camera’s exposure time is proposed according to image’s characters of blaze of fire and the operation principle of CCD with average luminosities of local monitor, which can be enhanced fire image’s definition. It can be realized quick clippings using the method of difference photography, and in which the background image is a reference in current camera angle. Secondly, the theory of crystal riming is introduced in image segmentation; the algorithm of image segmentation is proposed based on the principle of thermodynamics. The algorithm combined with prior knowledge of blaze of fire can be quickly and accurately to pick-up objective location. Thirdly, the determining algorithm about fire and project are proposed using integrative criterion that are acreage criterion and spire criterion. The acreage criterion can be used to preliminary determination forecast for fire alarm to enhance guard, in the foundation of forecast of fire, the spire criterion can be used for accurately identifying fire to determine whether being fire.It carried on deep research to the technology of fire tracking. Firstly described the general picture tracking theory frame, provided difficult point and countermeasure of flame tracking and realized the flame tracking effectively. On the foundation of tracking flame in suspected area, drew the dynamic characteristic array of flame, carry on dynamic characteristic analysis. To single characteristics amount such as the height, area, luminance, etc., change characteristic into binary value first, get rid of interference effectively, then carry on dispersed Fourier transform and analyzing spectral energy, form the quantization criterion. To the edge characteristic, investigate the greatest change of several frames close, carry on determining the nature and quantitative analysis to the characteristic of changing, form the edge characteristic criterion quantization result. Utilize the function of probability to upgrade and merge the characteristic on the basis that every characteristic criterion is quantized, realize the fire judge’s probability.The video orientation based on GIS is investigated; also, the camera controlling system using SCM is devised. The object of the video orientation is discussed, the UML diagram for the orientation is designed, and combining the digital camera with landform and physiognomy, fire spot will be located accurately, at the same time, the located spot will be mapped to a place name qualitatively, the optimal succor path will be found, offering scientific reference evidence for the quick rescue of the fire. Receiving the controlling instructions from the main dominating machine by TCP/IP protocol, using PWM speed adjusting, adopting PID controlling algorithm, the close loop controlling upon the direct current motor in the camera is implemented, spreading the visual angle of the camera, reducing the expense of the system, ensuring the precise location of the camera angle of view.Taishan forest prevent fire system based on GIS is constructed according to the algorithms and practice demand applying microwave monitor technique. It is provided a powerful instrument for urgently finding fire location, quickly dispatching, and quickly perishing fire.更多还原