【作者】 吴易雄；

【导师】 田勇泉；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 社会医学与卫生事业管理， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 转基因技术是一柄“双刃剑”。作为转基因技术发展产物的转基因动物在带给人类巨大经济效益和社会效益的同时,它也引发了一系列复杂而又异常尖锐的伦理问题。针对这一状况,笔者选择“转基因动物的伦理和公共政策问题”这一前沿主题开展研究,旨在为政府决策服务,一方面促进转基因动物研究与运用的良性发展;另一方面促使转基因动物尽可能地给人类带来健康效益和生态环境效益。鉴于此,笔者采用理论阐释与伦理原则分析及伦理学正反论证和案例探讨相结合的研究方法,以不伤害、尊重、公正、效用和整体性原则作为分析的基础,对转基因动物的伦理和公共政策问题进行了深入的探析。本文主要解决了两个问题:一个是转基因动物的伦理问题;另一个是与之密切相关的转基因动物的公共政策问题。为此,本文的论述包含三个部分,即作为全文理论基础的第一章到第三章,作为主体部分的第四章到第八章以及第九章结论部分。本文的主要观点如下:一、转基因动物是“自然的”与“非自然的”结合体,仅仅以转基因动物是“非自然的”不能成为我们反对转基因动物研究与发展的充分理由。从转基因动物是“自然的”还是“非自然的”伦理论争中可得到有益的启示——制备转基因动物既要尊重自然规律,又要尊重人的尊严,做到人与自然、人与动物的良性互动。二、转基因动物对人类健康短期的、直接的影响较小,但长期的、累积的和间接的影响还很难定论;转基因动物对生态环境和生物多样性破坏的可能性较大,如果控制不好,甚至是灾难性的,我们应该对此予以高度的重视:转基因动物的跨物种感染的可能性是大的,应该引起我们的特别重视。由于转基因动物的潜在风险,应对转基因动物采取“有罪推定”的战略,即应先假设转基因动物不安全,对它实行科学的检测和严格的管理,趋利避害,以确保人类健康。三、转基因动物不宜或不应授予专利权。目前比较可行的做法是抬高给基因授予专利权的门槛,并探索其它方式,如实行科技奖励、减税或免税来保护研究者和投资者的利益,充分发挥“伦理条款”在基因专利中的道德屏障保护作用,促进公共利益的发展和利益的公正分配。各国应在公平竞争、平等互利的基础上开展国际合作,达到互惠互利的目的。四、转基因动物可以商业化。转基因动物商业化的途径,一是实行标识管理,尊重消费者的知情选择权;二是采取措施最大限度地减少风险;三是保证利益公平、公正分配;四是对异种移植器官进行安全测试。转基因动物商业化的利益冲突是客观存在的,应采取相关的措施避免利益冲突,对不同的利益进行协调。这就需要利益相关者在转基因动物商业化的过程中遵守国际合作的基本原则和公认的国际准则,按照“义利合一”,“君子爱财,取之有道”的伦理规范进行国际合作,惠利共享,达到利益分配公正的目的。五、在中国建立专门的转基因动物法律、法规和涵盖技术、伦理和管理的转基因动物官方网站十分迫切。在解决转基因动物四个主要伦理问题的基础上,笔者对转基因动物的公共政策加以概述,提出管理的范围是在医药、农业、生物材料和环保等领域;管理的基本政策是“谨慎鼓励、严格管理”;管理的基本原则是安全性、风险-收益、分配公正、逐步商业化、动物福利、尊重自主和参与管理的原则;管理的基本方法是实行研究和经营活动准入、进行伦理审查与专家鉴定、开展动物试验和人体实验、强制产品标识、加强进出口管制、规范食品药品安全与卫生管理、严格禁止与强化监督、成立管理机构、举办与管理相关的教育培训及建立转基因动物官方网站。更多还原

【Abstract】 Transgenic technology is a handle of "double-edged sword" . Genetically modified animals, the product of transgenic technology, brought enormous economic and social benefits to the mankind, and it triggered a series of complex and extremely sharp ethical issues as well. To try to solve this problem, the author of the thesis makes a study on the topic of "the ethical and public policy issues of genetically modified animals" .The purpose of doing this is to be any help to our government’s decision-making, that is to say, on the one hand to promote healthy development of genetically modified animals research and application, on the other hand to urge genetically modified animals bring health benefits and environmental benefits to our human beings as many as possible.Because of this, the author of the thesis uses methods of theoretical analysis, ethical principles analysis, positive and negative ethical analysis, case studies, and the theoretical principles of harmless, respect, fairness, effectiveness, integrity to make a thorough study of the ethical and public policy issues of genetically modified animals.This thesis mainly have solved two problems: One is the ethical issues of genetically modified animals; the other is closely related with the first one, that is the public policy issues of genetically modified animals. In order to achieve this purpose, the thesis is divided into three parts: Chapter 1 to Chapter 3 is the theoretical basis of the whole thesis; Chapter 4 to Chapter 8 act as the main part of the thesis; Chapter 9 is the conclusion the thesis. The main points of this thesis are as follows:First, genetically modified animals have "natural" and "unnatural" characters. It is not fully justified for us to oppose genetically modified animals research and development only by their " unnatural" character. And from the ethical debate about the "natural" or "unnatural" characters of genetically modified animals we can get the following usefulenlightenments──The make of genetically modified animals should notonly obey the laws of nature, but also respect human’s dignity, so that man and nature, man and animal can achieve beneficial interaction.Second, although genetically modified animals’ short-term, direct effect on human health is small, their long-term, cumulative and indirect effect is still difficult to determine. And genetically modified animals may have great damage on ecological environment and biological diversity, if not control effectively, this damage will become catastrophic. Therefore, we should realize this situation very seriously. Besides, genetically modified animals may have greater possibility to suffer cross-species infection, so we should pay special attention to this as well. Since genetically modified animals have so many potential risks, we should adopt "Guilty until Proven Innocent strategy" to avoid them. The specific method is, first, supposing a genetically modified animal is unsafe, then, treating it through scientific testing and strict management, seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages in order to ensure human health.Third, it is not appropriate or should not confer patent rights to genetically modified animals. Currently more feasible approach is to raise the threshold to authorize patent to genes and to explore other methods, for example, practicing the science and technology incentives, tax reduction or exemption to protect the interests of investors and researchers, and make full use of the "ethics clause" as moral barriers to protect gene patent, through these methods to promote the development of public interests and the fair distribution of interests. States also should develop international cooperation on the basis of fair competition, equal and mutual benefit so as to achieve mutually beneficial objectives.Fourth, genetically modified animals can be commercialized though many ways. First, implement logo management, respect consumer’s know and choose right; second, take measures to minimize risks; third, guarantee fair and just distribution of interests; fourth, conduct safety tests to xenotransplantation organs. Now that the conflicts of interests exist objectively in the commercialization of genetically modified animals, then we should adopt relevant measures to avoid this kind conflict, coordinating different interests requires relevant us to compliance with the basic principles of international cooperation and recognized international norms in the commercial process of genetically modified animals. To achieve mutual benefits and fair distribution of interests, we should develop international cooperation in accordance with the ethical norms of "Lee-one" , and "gentlemen’s love money, and in a proper way" .Fifth, it is very urgent to establish special official website about genetically modified animals in the aspects of laws and regulations, covering techniques, ethics and management. Meanwhile, the author of the thesis should outline the public policy of genetically modified animals, proposing that its management scope are in medicine, agriculture, biological materials, environmental protection and other fields, that its basic management policy is "prudent encourage and strict management", that its basic management principles are safety, risk-benefits, fair distribution, gradually commercialization, animal welfare, respect for autonomy and participation in the management, and that its management approaches are research and business access, developing ethical examine and experts supervisor, conducting animal and human experiments, compelling product logos, strengthening export and import controls, standardizing food and drug safety and health management, prohibiting strictly and strengthen supervision, establishing management bodies, organizing management-related education and training activities and establishing official website of genetically modified animals.更多还原