身体思维论

【作者】 唐涛；

【导师】 张之沧；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 长久以来,在形而上学思维影响下,人们都把认知和才智归功于心灵或大脑,而无视思维与身体的内在关系。这主要表现在人们将以下观念看作是不言自明的真理:思维是超逾于自然之上的心智状态或精神活动,与动物性的、野蛮的、自然的肉体无关;思维是专属于人脑的、高级的信息处理能力,与只进行基本生存活动的躯体无关;思维是有意识的、自觉的和主动的认识活动,与无意识的、本能的和被动的身体无关。形而上学正是借助这种“灵与肉”或者“脑与体”的分割术遮蔽了人们对身体和思维的理解。本文强调一种整体性的身体观念。身体是一个包涵着物质结构、心灵结构和文化结构的有机整体。它是唯物辩证法最根本的体现,是灵与肉、脑与体、存在与思维、物质与精神、空间与时间、经验与先验、可见与能见、被动性与主动性、稳定性与动荡性、自然性与社会性、个体性与类属性、现实性与可能性、创造物与刨造者具体而微的统一。思维既不是独立于身体的先验主体或纯粹意识对既定世界的镜像式表征,也不是可以由离开身体和处境的大脑独立发挥认知作用的活动。思维作为人类理解和把握世界、实现自由本性的生命活动,是一种整体性和生成性的身体功能。正是身体的感知—运动系统、大脑—神经系统、生命冲动、身体意向、生存意识、灵活的行动、细腻的体验、无限的欲望,丰富的情感、无边的想象、大胆的猜测、多样的趣味、敏锐的直觉、顽强的毅力、自由的意志,好奇心、求知欲、探索欲、表现欲、创造的激情以及与周围环境的共生性等一起构成思维的源泉,构成思维的对象世界、工具、标尺、深度、反思的契机以及超越的力量。从行为、知觉、语言三个部分,本文阐述了身体思维的内在机制。身体不仅是一个自然存在物,更是一个蕴含丰富历史、文化和社会基因的实践模式、知觉方式以及表达系统。换言之,身体不但是积累和储存人类经验、认知图式和类意识的记忆库和意义场,是持续与外界进行信息交流和能量交换的行为场和知觉场,也是产生、发展和更新人类实践经验、体验结构、思维方式和创新能力的动力场和反思场。思维扎根于整体性的身体之中,而身体的这种整体性存在保证了身体思维能够通过行为结构、知觉抽象、语言媒介等几个维度承载和拓展人与自然、人与他人以及人与自我之间的辩证法,能够将两股力量纳入一个互动的结构化过程,从而生成新的生存情境和意义世界。更多还原

【Abstract】 For a long time, under the influence of the metaphysical thinking, people all owe wisdom and cognition to the spirit or brain, and ignore the inherent relationship between the thingking and the body.This mainly reflects that people always looking upon the following concepts as an unassailable truths: The thinking is one kind of mentality state or spirit activity that exceeds the natural world, and is independent of the body with animality ,savage,and nature.The thinking that is belongs to the human brain is the senior information processing capability, and it is unrelated to the body of the most basic survival activities only. The thinking is the consciously, self-consciously and actively cognition activity, and is independent of unconscious, instinctve and passive body.Metaphysics depends on the segmentation of the body to "spirit and flesh" or "brain and body", and shields people’s understandings to thinking.The text stresses on a holistic idea of the body. Body is an organic whole including physical structure, mental structure and cultural structure. Body is the most fundamental expression of the materialist dialectics. It is the specific and miniature unity of physical and soul, material and spiritual, being and thinking, space and time,spatiality and temporality, experiential and transcendent, visible and invisible, initiative and passive, stable and precarious, nature and society, specific and generic, reality and possibility, creature and creator. Based on the holistic viewpoint of the body, we consider the discusstion of thinking that can’t break away from the body foundation. Thinking is not a kind of transcendent logic ability that is independent of the body or the pure consciousness represents to the established world. Of course, it is not also a kind of cognition activity through the brain which throws away the body and circumstances. Actually, it is just those which person’s body structure, apperceive—motility system, brain—nervous system, body intention, the impulsion of understanding, curiosity, thirst for knowledge, subconscious, emotion, limitless imagination, diverse interest, sharp intuition, free will, body field, perception field, investigate desire, express desire, vivid activity, infinite desire, creativity and non-logical thinking and with surroundings environment of symbiosis altogether become the source of people’s cognizing and intelligence, and compose the thought object world, the implement, intermediary agent, surveyor’s rod, scale, depth, motive mechanism and the chance for profoundly rethinking and sublimating.From the action, perception and speech, we expound the inherent mechanism of body thinking. Body isn’t only a natural existence of the anmality, but also a practical mode,perception method and expression system which contains history, cultures and society gene. In other words, body is not only a memory data and meaning field which storages and accumulates mankind’s experience, cognize diagram type and species consciousness, and a behavior field and perception field which carries on durative information communion and energy commutation with the external world. But also a monmentum field and rethinking field which creat, develop and renew people’s experience structure, mode of thinking and innovation ability. Thinking is rooted in the holistic body. The body’s whole structure promises the body thinking which can adopt and expand the dialectics through behavior structure, preception abstract and speech medium. And that thinking can bring the two forces into an interactive structural process. Then it will born new existence circumstances and meaning world.更多还原