【作者】 陈从阳；

【导师】 吴友法；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 世界史， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 在德国历史上,魏玛共和国是一个存在时间虽短、但具有鲜明特色的历史时期,也是德国历史上第一个资产阶级共和国。几十年来,魏玛共和国崩溃的原因引起了学者们广泛的关注,许多学者给出了不同的答案。本文主要分析了美国因素对魏玛共和国兴衰的影响。论文按魏玛共和国历史演进阶段,分别论述了美国与魏玛共和国建立、美国与魏玛共和国初期危机以及相对稳定时期和瓦解的关系。第一章分析了美国与魏玛共和国建立的关系。在美国历史上,威尔逊总统以其“理想主义”外交著称。美国投身第一次世界大战武力竞技场,决定了德国军事冒险失败的结局。在德国战争失败已成定局的情况下,德国最高统帅部表示愿意在威尔逊“十四点计划”等原则的基础上,同美国和协约国停战和讲和。威尔逊不断增加的德国政治民主化的要求,不仅推动了德国宪政改革,而且将德国专制制度的象征——威廉二世押上了历史的前台。威尔逊帮助开启了德国“十一月革命”的进程,在某种程度上,威尔逊扮演了德帝国的“掘墓人”以及魏玛共和国的“催生婆”双重角色。在巴黎和会上,欧美列强围绕战后和平安排和对德和约进行了激烈的争斗,威尔逊在殖民地、德国赔偿等一系列问题上违背了“十四点计划”等的承诺。《凡尔赛和约》将魏玛共和国与耻辱的战败、巨大的民族灾难联系在一起,严重败坏了共和国和魏玛民主的声誉,造成了共和国深重的合法性危机。《魏玛宪法》号称当时世界上最民主的宪法。在公民基本权利、联邦制度、民选总统等方面,美国宪政给《魏玛宪法》打下了深刻的印记。德国革命并未伴随经济基础和社会结构的重大变化,《魏玛宪法》赋予的广泛民主权力成为反共和国、反民主势力合法向共和国发动进攻的有效保护伞。联邦制度下德国国家体制的潜在危机、二元制议会制下议会、总统相互制衡的失衡和权力向总统的倾斜的隐忧,为共和国的开幕曲唱响了不祥之音。第二章论述了美国政策对魏玛共和国初期危机的影响。美国共和党政府在国际事务中奉行“独立的国际主义”,避免对欧洲政治卷入和安全承诺,对德国和欧洲醉心于推行以非官方为主体的经济外交。美国拒绝对欧洲的安全作出保证,强化了法国对安全的忧虑以及对德国推行挤压政策的决心;美国保护主义的商业政策,加深了战后欧洲经济恢复和发展的困难;美国坚持向欧洲国家索债,给战后初期经济困难的欧洲增添了新的负担,反过来增加了欧洲协约国向德国榨取苛重赔偿的压力,美国对德国赔偿干预乏力,不能阻止欧洲协约国、特别是法国在赔偿问题上的冒险行动。从威尔逊执政后期到柯立芝总统当政初期,美国欧洲外交的实践活动在某种种程度上推动了德国赔偿危机的爆发,深化了共和国初期的危机。鲁尔危机将魏玛共和国推向了经济濒于崩溃,社会全面瓦解、政治严重危机的深渊,共和国出现了严重的生存危机。第三章分析了美国与魏玛共和国相对稳定的关系和对德国的影响。重大的挫折孕育重大的转机。1923年冬,美国开始运用美国强大的财政资本力量,较积极地介入赔偿问题。《道威斯计划》、《洛迦诺公约》相继诞生,整个欧洲和战后资本主义世界进入了相对稳定时期。《道威斯计划》是魏玛共和国的一场经济改革运动,它推动共和国出现了“世界经济史中最壮观的一次复兴”。经济的发展为政治稳定创造了条件,共和国迎来了历史发展的“金色的二十年代”。相对稳定时期,“美国主义”在德国风靡一时,但生产合理化、福特制的美国生产方式并不能完全解决德国的经济和社会等问题。生产合理化无法消除建立在私有制基础上劳资之间围绕社会财富分配所产生的冲突,资本集团、尤其是重工业资本家对“福利国家”“工会国家”的猛烈攻击,不断融蚀着建立在劳资等妥协基础上的不稳定的魏玛共和国和民主政治的基础。美国大众文化的风行带来了德国传统文化的衰落,德国文化民族主义者、文化保守主义者等对美国大众文化、“美国主义”、美国文明的批判,加深了德国政治、思想和文化的混乱。德国右翼知识分子在社会和文化领域掀起了新“保守革命”,成为纳粹主义的重要思想来源和魏玛共和国的掘墓人。20世纪20年代中期,美元源源不断地流向德国。德国社会内部围绕美元贷款的控制、用途的争论,使相对稳定时期德国政局和社会关系进一步复杂化。与此同时,贷款成为德国与美国赔偿总管之间争执的中心,它与赔偿问题联系在一起,带来了对《道威斯计划》的修正,《杨格计划》应运而生。《杨格计划》的运行建立在德国经济发展的乐观估计基础上,30年代的大危机很快击破了这一梦想。第四章论述了肇始于美国的大萧条对魏玛共和国瓦解的影响。一战对欧洲经济霸权的严重冲击、战后欧洲(尤其是德国)对美国严重的财政依赖、战后错综复杂的战债和赔偿问题交织在一起,恶化了20年代国际金融机制。美国纽约股市的黑色风暴迅速席卷了德国及整个世界,德国成为遭受危机打击最重的欧洲国家。由美国肇始的经济危机引发了德国严重的的财政危机和议会民主政治的危机,社民党米勒大联合政府内部以社民党和人民党为代表、以及工会与工业界之间围绕福利政策、特别是失业保险产生了激烈争执。米勒大联合内阁的倒台标志着建立在议会多数基础上的政府一去不复返了。布吕宁“总统制内阁“将外交放在优先地位,企图通过通货紧缩政策达到摆脱《凡尔赛和约》,抑制纳粹党等极右翼势力滋长,巩固国内统治,实现经济和政治重组的目的。但布吕宁的外交优先战略得不到美国的配合,美国倾向于温和修约政策,一直在战债和赔偿问题上持僵硬立场。美国政府的政策击破了布吕宁在外交舞台上尽速获得成功的希望,削弱了布吕宁政府的统治。紧缩政策加重了经济危机和人民的苦难,将无数大危机的受害者、尤其是中产阶级推向了以德国极端民族主义和“社会主义”进行政治投机的极右翼势力的行列。大工业家、容克地主、国防军纷纷抛弃布吕宁,使之成为宫廷政变的牺牲品。布吕宁的倒台构成了魏玛民主崩溃的真正转折点,随着巴本内阁的上台,打开了希特勒争夺最高权利的道路,魏玛共和国终于化为历史的陈迹。更多还原

【Abstract】 In Germany history, Weimar Republic only lasted for a short time but with a vivid character.It was also the first bourgeois republic in German history. For scores of years, the reason why Weimar Republic failed arouses many scholars interest and many of them give different answers to this question.The dissertation mainly analyzes how American factors impacted the rise and fall of Weimar Republic. According to the stages of historical evolution, the dissertation respectively explores the relation between America and foundation of Weimar Republic, America and the earlier crisis of Weimar Republic, America and Weimar Republic in its relatively stable stage and America and the collapse of Weimar Republic.The first chapter explores the relation between America and foundation of Weimar Republic. In American history, President Wilson was well-known for his“idealism”in foreign affairs. America joining the military arena of WWI determined the failure of German military adventurism. When Germany was doomed to lose the war, the Supreme Command expressed its will of armistice and making peace with the Entente on the basis of the“Fourteen Points”. The ever-increasing pressure from Wilson on democratization of German politics not only pushed forward constitutional revolution in Germany but also place WilliamⅡ, emblem of autocratic polity in Germany, onto the front stage of history. Wilson helped to initiate“November Revolution”in Germany. To some extent, Wilson acted as both a gravedigger to Imperial Germany and a midwife to Weimar Republic.In the Paris Peace Conference, European and American great powers fiercely argued about the matters of postwar peace arrangement and signing treaty with Germany. Wilson broke his promise in“Fourteen points”on the issues of colony and German reparation, etc. the Treaty of Versailles related Weimar Republic with humiliating defeat and massive national catastrophe, which seriously ruined reputation of Weimar Republic and resulted in the profound legitimation crisis.Weimar Constitution was considered to be the most democratic constitution over the world at that time.American constitution deeply impressed a mark on Weimar Constitution in the respects of civil rights, federal system and plebiscitary president and so on. German revolution failed to follow major changes in economical foundation and social structure and widespread democratic rights gifted by Weimar Constitution turned out to be a sufficient umbrella of protection for anti-republic and anti-democratic powers launching attacks against the Republic. Both Potential crisis with German institution under federalism and hidden apprehension about the unbalance between parliament and president and tilting power toward president became the ominous note in the opening ceremony song for Republic.The second chapter discusses the impact of American policy upon the earlier crisis of Weimar Republic. The Democratic Party pursued“Independent internationalism”in foreign affairs ,avoided being involved into making security promise to European politics and carried out unofficial, financial diplomacy in Germany and Europe. America refused to make guarantee of security to Europe, which intensified French concerns about security and reinforced its determination to implement pressing policy towards Germany. America’s protectionism in business made it harder for Europe to realize economical restoration and development. America’s persistence in claiming debt from European countries added new burdens to Europe which, after the war, were being confronted with economical problems and increasing pressure from the Entente of extorting reparation from Germany. America’s interference with the issue of reparation was feeble and it failed to stop the Entente, especially France, from taking risky move in the issue. From the later presidency of Wilson to the earlier presidency of Coolidge, American diplomatic practice in Europe gave an impetus to the eruption and intensification of reparation crisis in Germany.Ruhr crisis pushed Weimar Republic to the edge of economical collapse. Social disintegration, political crisis, and the Republic getting closer to the abyss of crumbling, all these formed major setbacks in the historical evolution of Weimar Republic.The third chapter explores the relation between America and Weimar Republic in the relatively stable stage, and how America influenced Weimar Republic in this stage. Major frustrations brood major turning points in the winter of 1923. America began to take an active role in the reparation issue by employing its great financial capital. Dawes Plan and Locarno Pact came into being in succession. Europe and postwar capitalism came into a relatively stable stage.Dawes Plan was an economical revolutionary movement in Germany. It propelled the appearance of“the most magnificent rejuvenation in the world economical history”. Economical development furnished supportive conditions for political stability. The Republic greeted its“golden twenties”in the historical evolution.In the relatively stable period, Americanism was popular, but rationalization and Fordism which American production style was known for failed to present a complete solution to the economical and social problems in Germany. Rationalization also failed to remove the conflicts between laborers and capitalists on the division of social wealth which rooted in private ownership. Capital-owner group, especially heavy industry group fiercely attacked“welfare state”and“Trade Union State”. The shaky democratic politics of the Weimar Republic, with compromising between laborers and capitalists being the foundation, was constantly suffering erosion.The popularity of American mass culture brought about decline of German traditional culture. Criticism, proposed by German culture nationalists and culture conservatives, upon American mass culture, Americanism and American civilization aggravated ideological and cultural chaos in Germany. In the field of sociology and culture, Intellectuals of right wing started the Conservative Revolution which became major ideological sources for Nazi. And the intellectuals became gravediggers to Weimar Republic.In the middle of 1920s, Dollars kept flooding into Germany. Arguments in Germany about the control and application of dollar loan further complicated political situation and social relation in the relatively stable times in Germany.At the same time ,dollar loans became pivot of dispute between Germany and the American general agent of reparation. Linked with the reparation issue, it brought about amendment to Dawes plan and Young plan emerged as the time required. Young plan was on the basis of optimistic assessment on economical development in Germany, but the dream was soon to be broken by the great depression in 1930s.The fourth chapter explores how the great depression, originating from America, impacted the crumbling of Weimar Republic. WWⅠimpacted European economical hegemony in a disastrous way. After the war, Europe (Germany, in particular) was much financially dependent upon America. Complex postwar issues of war debt and damage issues interwove together. All the issues combined to deteriorate the international financial institution of 1920s. Black storm from American stock market immediately prevailed Germany and even the whole world.Germany turned out to be the worst struck country over the period of great depression in 1930s.The depressionevoked finance and democracy crisis in politics in Germany. Within the great coalition government of SPD, hot disputes were initiated on welfare policy and the unemployment insurance between SPD and DVP, labor union and industrial circle.Fall of the great coalition Müller cabinet marked that the government, established on the basis of majority of parliament, went away never to return.Henrich Brüning’s“President Cabinet”prioritized diplomacy, intending to cast away Versailles Treaty, restrain growing of the force of right- wing extremists in the means of deflation, consolidate domestic rule and realize economical and political reform.The strategy of“diplomacy first”failed to have cooperation and support from America who preferred the moderate amending line of Versailles Treaty and always took a stiff stand in the issues of war debt and reparation. The policy of American government smashed Brüning’s hopes of winning success as soon as possible at the diplomatic stage and weakened Brüning government.Deflation aggravated economical crisis and people’s suffering, and countless victims of great crisis, middle class in particular, were pushed toward the ranks of extreme nationalism and extreme right-wing who were adventuring politically in the name of“socialism”. Great industrialists , East Elbian landlords, and defending military all abandoned Brüning who fell victim to the imperial coup d’état. Fall of Brüning government marked the real turning point of Weimar democracy. With Papen cabinet coming to power, the path to supreme power for Hitler was opened and Weimar Republic finally passed away as a thing of past.更多还原