【作者】 张友祥；

【导师】 金兆怀；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 区域经济学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 农业是国民经济的基础,也是特殊的弱质产业,面对着自然的、市场的、技术的、政策的等多种风险,客观上要求加强风险管理。由于农业生产是受自然地理环境强烈制约的产业,不同的自然地理环境决定不同的农业生产面对着不同的风险,决定着人们做出不同的农业风险管理选择。市场经济条件下农业风险管理的最重要手段——农业保险的发展,也必须从不同的农业生产和农业风险出发,立足不同的现实关系基础,寻求不同的实施路径。中国农村地域广阔,区域间农业发展的自然地理条件、资源禀赋、经济社会发展程度以及文化习俗各不相同,使得区域间的农业生产及其面对的风险、农民收入及消费水平、农业保险发展基础及财政支持力度等“现实关系基础”呈现出多层次性和不平衡性,进而造成区域间农业保险供求关系的差异性。那么,从中国农业保险区域发展的“现实关系基础”的差异性出发,分析区域农业保险的形成机理,探讨区域农业保险的实施方式及发展模式就具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。本研究从农业保险与农村经济社会发展的互动关系着眼,在深入分析中国农业保险发展历程及其约束条件和当前出现的农业保险区域发展模式及其实施机制的基础上,立足区域间农业保险供求关系形成要素的差异或差距,吸收和借鉴国内外有代表性的区域农业保险发展模式的合理内核,探讨国家统一制度框架下的区域农业保险的实施机制和发展模式。主要内容如下:第一,对国内外学者关于农业保险的动因、本质属性和区域划分理论进行了系统梳理,探讨了农业保险区域划分经营的必要性和可能性。本研究沿着农业的基础地位——弱势特质——风险产业的思路,提出农业保险是市场经济条件下加强农业风险管理的最重要手段;从农业保险的准公共产品属性出发,分析了农业保险的双重正外部性特征,指出政府支持是农业保险发展的根本保障;从农业生产和农业风险的区域性特点入手,探讨了农业保险的风险区划和费率分区,特别是国外农业保险的区划理论和区域化实践以及国内学者对中国保险业区域化问题的理论研究,为本研究的开展提供了理论支撑。本研究认为,农业保险的区域化是中国农业保险实践发展的新方向,也是农业保险理论的拓展。第二,运用区域经济学和保险学的基本理论,结合农业保险的供求形成机理,对区域农业保险的供求形成机理进行了理论阐释。本研究认为,农业保险形成机制是指影响农业保险市场形成、运转的内在因素及其综合作用下所形成的农业保险市场的运行状态。由于区域间的风险分布及其强弱的不同、经济社会发展水平的不同、居民收入水平和保险意识的不同,带来了区域间农业保险需求的不同;同时,区域间的金融保险业的发展程度、保险产品的供给创新能力以及地方政府的财政支持力度也存在明显的不同,从而也造成了区域间农业保险供给的差异。此外,中央财政对各地农业保险支持力度的不同,也造成了各地农业保险市场形成和发展的差异。区域间农业保险需求和供给的差异,导致区域间农业保险市场运行状态的差异,即区域间农业保险形成要素的差异导致农业保险市场发展的差异。第三,考察了中国农业保险发展的历史与现状,分析了中国农业保险陷入“窘境”的根本原因,探究了中国农业保险发展必须直面的三大基本问题:农业保险的有效供给和有效需求问题、是政策性经营还是商业性经营问题、是集中统一经营还是区域划分经营问题。本研究认为,集中统一的政府垄断经营和没有政府支持的商业化经营,都不能解决农业保险市场供求的“持续”有效;同时,由于区域间的农业风险和农业保险供求关系存在巨大差异,决定了农业保险的政策性经营也不能走全国集中统一的发展道路,即政府干预及支持农业保险发展的方式和力度要体现区域的差异性。因此,政策性农业保险的区域划分经营,才是中国农业保险发展的最现实选择。第四,根据区域划分理论和中国经济区域划分的实践,本研究对中国农业生产区域进行了初步划分,并从农业发展的宏观背景、农业风险的分布、农村居民收入水平、保险业发展程度、财政实力及支农力度等方面,分析了中国东部、中部、西部和东北部“四大板块”、“八大综合经济区”在农业保险供求形成要素上的差异或差距。本研究认为,中国各区域间农业发展的自然地理条件、资源禀赋、经济发展程度以及保险意识的不同,使得区域间的农业生产、农民收入、消费习惯、农业保险基础、财政支持力度等方面呈现出多层次性和不平衡性,进而造成区域间农业保险供求关系的差异性,这为实行财政补贴农业保险的区域非均衡政策提供了现实依据。第五,对发达国家发展农业保险的“理想模式”和国内农业保险的试点经营模式作了比较和评价。本研究认为,有效的实施机制或发展模式对于农业保险的发展至关重要。至于哪一种实施机制最有效、哪一种发展模式最成功,国内外却没有形成一个统一固定的模式。由于不同的国家或地区,在农业风险强度、经济发展水平、财政负担能力、生产者创新动能以及消费者投保意愿等方面存在这样或那样的差异,决定了其农业保险发展模式的选择绝不能“一刀切”。所以,借鉴国内外农业保险发展的基本经验,中国政策性农业保险的制度设计,必须坚持“统一制度框架与分散决策相结合”的原则,将制度的自然演进和人为设计有机地结合起来。同时,区域性、多样化的农业保险发展模式,在相互借鉴和竞争中推动着制度创新,推动着区域间农业保险的持续协调发展。第六,立足国内发展农业保险的现实关系基础,探讨了中国农业保险的统一制度框架,并在此框架指导下,探索设计了区域农业保险的发展模式。尽管世界各国的农业保险发展模式各具特色,但在农业保险的制度供给上却具有统一性,诸如在农业保险立法、财政补贴、专营机构、相关配套政策等方面,都有完善的规定和安排,为农业保险的发展提供了宏观上相对统一的制度框架,保障了农业保险的健康发展。据此,本研究探讨设计了中国农业保险的法律地位、组织体系、政策补贴方式、再保险制度和巨灾风险基金制度,并尝试构建了农业保险发展的宏观框架;在此基础上,提出了中国农业保险发展的区域差异化策略,分别从监管模式、经营行为、保险政策等方面进行了区域差异化设计,并重点从农民支付能力的区域差距和农业保险费率分区两个方面,探讨了区域农业保险差异化发展的关键问题——区域补贴标准的差异化,进而探索设计了各区域政策性农业保险发展的目标模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agriculture is the foundation of national economy,and a special industry with weak quality. It is objectively required to strengthen the risk management against various risks from nature,market,technique and policy. Different physical geography determine both different risks faced by different agriculture and different risk managements choosed by different people. The most important means of agricultural risk management under the condition of market economy—the development of agriculture insurance,must base itself upon the disparate praxis relation to seek the distinct implement route for different agriculture manufactures and risks.The country terrain is capacious in China,where existing the diversity of physical geography,resource,evolution and culture which lead to the multilayer and imbalance of agriculture production,farmer earning,agriculture insurance base,financial support. That can make more diversity of supply and demand for regional agriculture insurance. So such research possesses both important theory value and praxis sense by analyzing the forming mechanism of regional agriculture insurance and probing its implement and development mode on the basis of the diversity of“real relation foundation”in China’s regional development of agriculture insurance. With a view of the mutual connection between agriculture insurance and the social development of rural economics,this research analyzed thoroughly the development course and restriction term of agriculture insurance in China,and the developing mode of regional agriculture insurance and its practice mechanism arising currently. Further,basing upon the different elements between supply and demand,using for reference of internal and external developing mode of regional agriculture insurance,the research also probes into the practice mechanism and developing mode of regional agriculture insurance within the frame of national unified system.The main contents are as follows:I. Systematically analyze the domestic and overseas theory of the cause,hypostasis and region division of agriculture insurance,and discuss on the necessity and feasibility of regional management for agriculture insurance. By the thinking route of fundamental status of agriculture—weakness idiosyncracy—venture industry,the research puts forward that agriculture insurance is the most important means for strengthening agricultural risk management under the conditions of market ecomony;it analyzes the dual plus-external characters of agriculture insurance from its quasi-attribute of public production and points out that support from the government is the basic ensurance of agriculture insurance;it also discusses on the risk partition and rate division of agriculture insurance. The theoretical supports are provided by both external division theory and practice of agriculture insurance,and the theoretical search on national insurance regionality by internal scholars. It is considered that the regionality of agriculture insurance is the new direction of its practice and the deploitation of its theory.II. Explain the mechanism of supply and demand for regional agriculture insurance by bringing to bear the basic theory of regional economics and insurance. It is reckoned that the mechanism of agriculture insurance means the circulation state of its market formed by the intrinsic factor and integrated effect which influence the form and operation of the market. Owing to the differences among regional risk distribution and situation,developing level of the economic society,income level of inhabitants and insurance consciousness,the regional demands for agriculture insurance are various;meanwhile,there are also distinct differences among the developing degree of regional finance insurance,innovative ability of insurance production and financial support from local government. Besides,the differences on support strength from center finance bring on the diversity of the forming and developing of agriculture insurance market. Those regional differences between demand and supply of agriculture insurance can lead the diversity of the regional circulation state at agriculture insurance market—that is the regional differences of the forming of agriculture insurance bring into the diversity of its development. III. Analyze the puzzledom of agriculture insurance in China and three basic problems which we need envisage for further development,after reviewing the history and actuality of agriculture insurance. It is deemed that the basic problem of agriculture insurance which must be solved is its effective supply and demand. Management governmentally or commercially,concentratively or divisionally are also very important.Neither the concentrative monopolization nor the commercial management without government support could make continual efficiency of the market supply and demand. At the same time,the nationwide concentration of governmental agriculture insurance is impossible,since the government has to incarnate the diversity of its support for regional agriculture insurance. Hence,the realistic choice is governmental regional management of agriculture insurance.IV. Put up primary partition of Chinese agriculture area against the regional set-off theory and practice. Analyze the diversity and gap of supply and demand for agriculture insurance among“Four Blocks”and“Eight Syntheses”in the east,middle,west and northeast area of China,from the points of view:macroscopical background of agriculture development,distributing of agriculture risk,income level of rural inhabitants,developing degree of insurance,finance strength and support to the agriculture,etc. According to this research,China has extensive rural area,where existing the diversity of physical geography,resource,evolution and culture which lead to the multilayer and imbalance of agriculture production,farmer earning,agriculture insurance base,financial support. That can make more diversity of supply and demand for regional agriculture insurance,and afford practical gist for regional imbalance policy on finance subsidy for agriculture insurance.V. Compare and evaluate the“ideal pattern”of agriculture insurance in developed countries with domestic experiment. The research figure the effective mechanism or developing pattern is extremely important to the development of agriculture insurance. There is no unitive or fixed pattern inside or outside the country to be proved the most efficient and successful. Different countries or areas have various diversities in the aspects of agriculture risk intensity,economic developing level,finance ability,producer innovation energy and consumer insurance desire,by which determine that its agriculture insurance mode can not be selected the same. Viewed by the basic experience of agriculture insurance development home and abroad,the system frames of political agriculture insurance need adhere to the principle: Combine the unify system frame with detract decision-making,so that nature evolvement and artificial devise can organically be fell together. By using for reference one another and competition,the developing mode of regional and multiplex agriculture insurance will impel the system innovation,and the continuous and harmonious development of agriculture insurance as well.VI. In virtue of the beneficial experience of developed countries and areas on the development of agriculture insurance,on the base of the praxis foundation of inner development of agriculture insurance,a discuss on the unified system frame of the agriculture insurance of our country is conducted and the developing mode of regional agriculture insurance is designed accordingly. In despite of the diversity of their developing mode of agriculture insurance,those countries own the oneness at the system supply,such as agriculture insurance legislation,financial subsidy,special operation institution and related supporting policies,etc. The oneness provide macroscopically the relatively unitive frame for the development of agriculture insurance and ensure its practice. Hereby,the research tries to construct a macro frame of agriculture insurance development by the planning of law status ,organization system,governmentail subsidy manner,reinsurance system and disaster risk fund;hereon,a regional diversity strategy on the development of Chinese agriculture insurance is put forward after the regional diversity design for supervision mode,management dealing,insurance policy and other aspects. It probes into the sity-four-dollar question—the diversity of regional subsidy standard,mainly from the rate division of agriculture insurance and regional difference amont farmer’s payment ability. Finally,the objective mode is established for developing political agriculture insurance at different regions.更多还原