应对戴高乐主义：美国对法政策研究（1958-1968）

【作者】 姚百慧；

【导师】 徐蓝；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 世界史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 1958年6月,戴高乐第二次执掌法国,推行戴高乐主义的外交政策,对美国霸权发起挑战。本文主要考察在面对戴高乐主义的挑战时,美国的决策过程、推行政策以及效果。1958年6-7月,戴高乐相继对英美发表了戴高乐主义外交宣言,而美国虽欢迎戴高乐上台,却不欢迎戴高乐主义。1958-1960年,戴高乐提出了要改组北约的“九月备忘录”,收回了隶属北约的地中海舰队,并进行第一次成功的核试验。艾森豪威尔政府虽然同意举行三边会谈,但拒绝戴高乐主义的根本原则。肯尼迪政府时期,美法矛盾进一步公开化,具体体现在双方的欧洲战略分歧上。肯尼迪想要宏伟计划,戴高乐想要伟大,两种不同的欧洲战略不可避免的发生碰撞。与前任政府相比,肯尼迪在应对戴高乐主义上多了些主动出击的色彩,而结果却是两败俱伤。宏伟计划没有完成,戴高乐主义中的欧洲建设也遭遇挫败。约翰逊继承总统职位后,戴高乐先是在1964年1月承认新中国,继而在1966年3月提出要完全退出北约军事一体化,美法矛盾到达顶点。面对戴高乐的这些挑战,约翰逊实行了小心谨慎的政策,结果美国遏制了中法建交的冲击,加强了北约,并成功把法国保持在联盟内。通过对一些重要问题的深入探讨和对戴高乐时期美法关系的全面透视,我们可以发现,虽然美法两国一直矛盾不断,但仍保持着同盟关系。美法维持同盟既有利益纠葛,也有意识形态因素。“动荡的同盟”是美法关系的基本特征。美国对戴高乐主义的应对政策,基本取得了成功。美国保持了在西方的霸主地位,加强了北约,防止核扩散到德国,削弱了戴高乐主义的影响。而戴高乐主义,并未取得重大成功,它只是实现了独立,而没有实现伟大。更多还原

【Abstract】 In May 1958, de Gaulle releaded France, and carried out the Gaullism foreign policy, which challenged the hegemony of the United States. This dissertation is to review the American decision process, adopted policies and their effects when facing the Gallism.De Gaulle successively declared the Gaullism diplomatic declaration on Britain and U.S. from June to July 1958. U.S. welcomed de Gaulle’s taking office, but did not like the Gaullism. In 1958-1960, de Gaulle put forward“the September memorandum”, withdrawed its naval forces in the Mediterranean which were earmarked for assignment to NATO and succeeded carrying through the first nuclear test. Although the Eisenhower Administration agreed to hold tripartite meetings, it refused the cardinal principles of the Gaullism.During the Kennedy Administration, the divergence between U.S. and France was further exposed, especially in their European strategies. Kenndey devised the Grand Design, but de Gaulle just wanted French Grandeur, whose different European strategies inevitably collided each other. Kennedy launched an attack at the Gaullism more initiatively than the predecessor Administration but both of them failed: the Grand Design had not been finished and the de Gaulle’s European construction was also frustrated.After Johnson took the presidency, de Gaulle recognized PRC in January 1964, and then announced in March 1966 that France would withdraw from NATO, all of which proved the highest divergence between two countries. Facing these challenges from de Gaulle, Johnson adopted a discreet policy that at last restained the influnce of Sino-French establishing diplomatic relations, reinforced NATO, and managed to keep France in alliance.Through studying some important events and the whole scene of Franco-American relations in the de Gaulle era, we can conclude that although there were constant contradictions between U.S. and France, the two countries maintained alliance relation.There are two basic reasons for this.Firstly, Keeping alliance relation accorded with their national interests .Secondly, they needed a alliance to contain the communism.The basic characteristics of Franco-American relations is“a alliance in turmoil”.The policy adopted by U.S. to cope the Gaullism is basically successful.The United States kept its hegemony in the west, reinforced NATO, prevented Federal Germany from producing nuclear weapons, and weakened the influnce of the Gaullism. However, the Gaullism got no big achievements because France only achieved independence, but not Grandeur.更多还原