【作者】 王芳；

【导师】 秦志希；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 新闻学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文以我国当前大众化报纸为样本,以考察其消息来源的使用情况为切入口,意在分析媒介消息来源偏向的情形,探究偏向背后的制约因素及其后果。以此呈现我国大众化媒体上特有的话语空间,获得对媒介利益表达状况的整体性描述,也进一步体察社会转型过程中新闻生产领域的各种利益和权力的实践。研究统计显示,媒介消息来源总体上呈现偏向情形:在职业上,政府官员、专家学者、经济精英以积极而主动状态被呈现在新闻报道中,成为消息来源中的强势者;而一般民众作为消息来源的几率极少,而且往往角色单一、模糊与被动。在性别上,男性消息来源是绝对的强势者,他们在媒体中更多地扮演着理性、权威、公共领域活动者的主导形象,而女性则常常是被动的、感性的、点缀式的。在强势来源中,官方占据绝对的优势,是新闻事件中的主要定义者;专家来源越来越多地出现在媒体上,但却往往是在代表政府和资本权力而非社会公众说话;当媒体和记者以各种形式成为消息来源的时候,隐含着媒介角色的越位、缺位与错位;精英来源在新闻报道中会以一种“策略同盟”的方式来定义国家的主要问题,而民众则越来越无力去影响这种媒介议程。即使这些弱势来源走进媒体,却常常是被他者言说,有时更要付出特别的牺牲与代价。这种偏向与大众化媒体所处的政治、经济等宏观环境紧密相关。政治权力通过刚性的宣传管理和柔性的信息补贴,直接影响了新闻报道及消息来源的选择,特别是当政府新闻发言人开始成为一项制度性机制时,政治权力对媒介的影响将更为微妙而细密。市场逻辑成为大众化媒介生存发展的另一重要法则,在对广告、受众市场的激烈竞争中,媒介的新闻生产和消息来源一次次地偏向。同时,媒介在对不同社会阶层的表述中呈现了不同的逻辑,从而维护重构了主导意识形态。媒介和记者与消息来源的关系、媒介组织常规以及媒介组织之间等因素,也贯穿在媒介消息来源偏向的具体实践之中。尤其值得考察的是,人情社会中的中国媒体记者与消息来源的关系或“交情”作为一种非制度性的因素,在特定政治经济利益作用下,弥漫渗透于对消息来源的使用之中。当消息来源的偏向成为常态,就影响了媒介公共利益的实现,使得新闻的功能与可信度受到严重伤害;也将继续扩大、恶化现有社会中资源与权力的分配不公情形。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the mass newspapers of our country for the time being as a sample, this paper begins from the use of new sources, analyses the facts of news sources bias in the media, and inquires the constraints and its consequences hidden in the bias. Thus it takes the unique discourse space in current mass media, accesses to an overall description on the interests of the media, so makes us further understand the practical run of various benefit and power in the news producing during the social transformation process.According to the statistics, a bias tendency as a whole is quite obvious in the news sources of the media. On occupation, government officials, experts and scholars, economic elites, appeared actively and positively in the report, have occupied the superiority of news sources, while the mass sources is of quite little probability, let to say that their role is often single, blurred and passive. Go ahead in sex, the male sources are absolutely stronger as news sources, who often act as ration, authority, and active leaders of the public sphere. On the contrary, the female appears passive, emotional and more decorative.Among the powerful news sources, the government officials, at an exclusive advantage, are the primary definers of news event; experts sources appear more and more in the media, but they may often speak on behalf of the government and capital instead of the public. And when the media and journalists become sources in various forms, the offside, absence and dislocation of the media is in sight. Elites sources define the country’s key issues through“strategic alliances”in the report, while the public is less and less powerful to affect the media agenda. Even if these vulnerable people as news source gain access to the media, they are always said by others, and sometimes they must pay special price for it. The bias relates closely to the political and economical circumstances of the mass media. The political power directly influences news report and the choice of news sources through rigid propaganda management and flexible information subsidy. Especially when the mechanism of the government spokesman is set up, the effect of political power over media will be more subtle and close. And when the market logic turns into another important law to the mass media’s survival, the bias of news production and news sources in the media happened again and again in the cut-throat competition for advertisement and audience. The media tell different social class by different logic, thus the dominant ideology is maintained and restructured.Meanwhile, the relationship between media, journalists and news sources, media routine, and the factors between different media organizations, also permeate in the sources bias through the usual practice. What’s more, what we should especially remain vigilant is as following, with the specific political and economical benefits interacted, the relations or“friendship”between journalists and news sources in Chinese special backgrounds, as non-system-related factors, is permeating through the use of news sources.Once the bias of news sources becomes the norm, it will prevent media from achieving the public interests, and destroy seriously the news’function and credibility. What’s more terrible, the unfair distribution of the existing social resource and power will be widen and deteriorated.更多还原