【作者】 林怀艺；

【导师】 叶庆丰；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 科学社会主义， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 政党是政治民主的产物,又是政治民主的工具,进步的政党天然是同民主相联系的。所谓政党民主,不是“政党”与“民主”的简单相加,而是民主的的价值、原则和精神在政党政治生活中的具体运用,是政党在形成、发展和发挥作用的过程中,自身所达到的民主程度和进步状态,也指政党创造和吸纳人类政治文明成果的本领与技能。政党民主从结构上讲,主要包括政党的党内民主、执政民主(对执政党而言)、国内党际民主(对存在多党的国家而言)、对外党际民主等项内容。政党民主建设,说的就是政党的党内民主建设、执政民主建设、国内党际民主建设、对外党际民主建设之有机联系和有机统一,其成果主要体现在政党民主意识的增强、政党民主制度的成长和政党民主行为的养成这三位一体上。总的来说,政党民主建设是一个由多方面、多层次、多内容构成的政治系统、政治发展态势与政治发展能力。它不是一个固定的目标,而是政党进步的取向,是政党政治之民主秩序的存续和民主成果的积累。政党民主建设是一项系统工程,它的各组成部分不是机械割裂的,而是一个具有互动性的整体。当然,政党民主建设的突破口在不同政党那里有不同的选择,不可能千篇一律。马克思主义政党作为“先进阶级的民主政党”,与政党民主建设更是须臾不可或离。马克思主义政党民主建设的理论渊源来自马克思恩格斯。马克思恩格斯在创建并指导共产主义者同盟、第一国际、第二国际的活动中,在帮助民族国家建立社会主义政党的过程中,在同形形色色的政敌和工人运动内部的错误思潮作斗争中,逐步形成和发展了他们的政党民主建设思想。这一思想为马克思主义政党实施民主建党指明了方向,奠定了坚实的基础,是马克思主义理论体系的重要组成部分。苏联共产党在人类政党民主建设史上,第一次试图以马克思主义为指导来进行政党民主建设,但却以失败为告终,成为一朵不结果实的花。苏共在取得政权后很快便消灭或取消了其他政党,实行共产党一党制,党内民主在列宁逝世后又长期得不到发展,党政不分、以党代政现象严重,在对外党际交往中奉行大国主义和大党主义。这些做法严重背离了社会主义的本质要求和共产党的性质、宗旨,苏共又没有适时加以解决,日积月累,终变痼疾,成为导致苏共土崩瓦解的重要原因之一,教训十分深刻。现实社会主义国家执政党的政党民主建设曾经长期受到苏共运作模式的影响,至今这一模式的积弊尚存,改革任务异常艰巨。这些国家坚持马克思主义政党在国家和社会的领导地位,不搞多党轮流执政,因而它们的政党民主建设突破口应该选择在党内。只有党内民主首先得到发展,党内不合理的权力结构得到改变,党才能真正处理好与国家政权的关系,实现民主执政;处理好与民主党派的关系,发展国内党际民主;处理好与国外政党和政党国际组织的关系,推进对外党际民主。西欧共产党在政党民主建设方面的很多主张同现实社会主义国家的执政党不尽相同,它们的探索既有积极的一面,也存在不少困难和问题,其发展态势值得进一步观察研究。中国共产党是当今世界上党员人数最多而且处在执政地位的马克思主义政党,中共政党民主建设能否搞好,不但对党自身和中国特色社会主义事业的前途命运,而且对人类进步事业的走向,都具有特别重要的意义。探求中共政党民主建设的来龙去脉,离不开对它赖以进行的社会生态环境的分析和把握。从国内因素来讲,中共政党民主建设与生产方式的状况、国家的民主和法治进程、政治文化氛围、社会主义的理念、党对自身历史方位的判断、社会阶级阶层结构的变化等,有着密切的关系;从国际因素讲,中共政党民主建设与时代主题的转换和全球化的兴起、国际共产主义运动的起伏、国际人权公约带来的新课题、世界性政党模式和世界性政党制度的转型等,也有着密切的关系。这些因素构成了中共政党民主建设的动力、压力和阻力。中共政党民主建设就是在各种正负力量的交错作用中,为自己开辟前进道路的。如何用足动力、变压力为动力、化解阻力,是中共政党民主建设必须认真应对的重大问题。民主革命时期,毛泽东就强调“民主必须是各方面的”,认为“党务”也“需要民主”,他所说的“党务民主”,同“政党民主”在内涵上并无实质性的差别。可见,从主观上讲,中共是重视并且希望搞好政党民主建设的。但主观上想做好的事情不等于客观上就能做好。建国后,中共在政党制度方面虽然作出了不同于苏共的选择,实行共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度,但在党委集权和党政不分上与苏共大致相同,甚至有过之而无不及;反右斗争后,一直将民主党派视为“资产阶级政党”,对民主党派的工作实行以阶级斗争和改造为纲,多党合作名存实亡;党的对外工作也存在意识形态挂帅、搞“输出革命”、争夺国际共运领导权和世界革命中心的问题,并且由于党际关系处理的不当而影响到新中国与一些国家的关系。十一届三中全会以来,中共政党民主建设在新的历史条件下,走出了一条不搞政治运动,而靠改革、创新尤其是制度建设的新路子。中共作出了“党内民主是党的生命”的重大判断,采取一系列加强党内民主建设的措施;意识到“党政需要分开,这个问题要提上议事日程”,其认识虽有反复,但党的领导方式和执政方式已发生了较大转变,科学执政、民主执政、依法执政成为党的既定方针;肯定“多党合作是中国政治制度的一个特点和优点”,民主党派在国家政治生活中的作用明显提高;强调“党与党之间要建立新型的关系”,按照党际关系四项原则开展对外党际交往,形成了全方位、多渠道、宽领域、深层次的政党外交格局。但是,当前的中共政党民主建设仍存在不少问题。由于党内民主发展的滞后而导致的党组织国家化、行政化,以及多党合作在很大程度上主要取决于党委一把手开明与否的状况,实际上降低了党的领导地位,削弱了党的领导作用,影响了党的执政合法性。邓小平曾告诫说,如果党被称为“最高当局”,这是“最严酷的讽刺”,对此,党应引以为戒,积极寻求对策,努力把政党民主建设提高到一个新的水平。第一,在党内民主建设方面。日本自民党所实行的那种一党多派制,是多党轮替制在党内生活中的一种体现,并不适合中国的国情和党情。发展党内民主,首先应明确党内民主属于政治范畴,从本质上讲,它是全体党员在党内当家作主,在有关本党的一切问题上有最终决策的权利,以及能够保证这种最终决策权利的允许机制;民主集中制则属于组织范畴,因而党内民主高于民主集中制,民主集中制的实质是民主制。建议在恢复党代会常任制的基础上,在党内设立常设委员会、执行委员会和纪律检查委员会,分别行使党内的决策权、执行权和监督权,使之既相互制约又相互协调,实现党内权力的合理分解和科学配置。此外,还应健全党内选举制度,改进党代会的开法,推进党务公开,营造党内民主讨论环境,并善于利用网络技术加强党内民主乃至整个中共政党民主建设。第二,在执政民主建设方面。应当破除对邓小平在生命的最后几年摈弃党政分开思路的误解,致力于解决党政不分、以党代政的问题。党政分开是指党的组织与国家机关在职能上分开,各司其职,而不是要国家机关脱离党的政治领导,也不是要排斥党员在国家机关中任职。在国家政治生活中,中共兼具领导核心和执政力量双重角色,党的领导和执政在主体上、地位的获得上、依赖的手段上,都有所不同,不应简单地将二者相提并论。进一步改善党的领导方式和执政方式,推动党政分开,首先应改革“党”、“政”两套政权体系并存的现状,在此基础上,理顺党与人大和“一府两院”的关系,使它们能够依照宪法和法律的规定独立自主地开展工作。党政领导成员可以交叉任职,但要避免权力过分集中于某个人身上所造成的党政不分现象。最后,还要推进“党管干部”的科学化,改变事实上由党组织任命各级各类干部的做法。第三,在国内党际民主建设方面。应当看到不存在“普世主义”的政党制度,坚定走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路的信心。搞好中国多党合作制度,是以民主党派的存在、发展为前提和条件的,为此,中共应支持民主党派扩大社会基础,在组织上进一步发展壮大,并享有宪法规定的权利和义务范围内的政治自由、组织独立和法律地位平等。通过调整人大代表的结构、加强政协工作和加大对民主党派的实职安排,拓宽民主党派的参政通道。应鼓励民主党派唱“对台戏”,真正发挥民主监督的作用,使民主党派的意见、建议和批评成为改进党和国家工作的有力帮手。之于政党法制与政党民主的密切关系,建议从中国国情出发并吸收国外政党立法的有益经验,依据宪法,制定一部中国特色的《政党法》,将共产党依法执政和民主党派依法参政纳入法制轨道,使中国各政党的活动有法可依,有章可循,并维护中国现有的政党政治格局。第四,在对外党际民主建设方面。要充分认识到党的对外工作在国家总体外交和中共政党民主建设中的地位作用,坚持党际关系只能从属于并服务于国家关系,以自己的国家利益为最高准则来谈问题和处理问题。在对外党际交往中,既要承认意识形态差异的客观存在,又不去计较社会制度和意识形态的差别,不搞意识形态的争论,做到“朋友还要交,但心中有数”。要坚持“不当头”、“不扛旗”的原则立场,聚精会神地做好中国自己的事情,并通过中国的发展对人类特别是对第三世界作出更大的贡献。要坚持各国党独立自主、互不不干涉内部事务的原则,同时又伸张正义,推进国际关系民主化。要针对不同类型政党的活动方式和经济实力采取不同对策,增强对外党际交往的实效。从坚持和完善中国多党合作制度的角度考虑,还要发挥民主党派在中共对外党际民主建设中的襄助作用,鼓励和支持民主党派开展对外党际交往,开创出更有时代特征和中国特色的政党外交新局面。马克思主义政党的事业是承前启后、继往开来的事业。当今各国马克思主义政党特别是现实社会主义国家的执政党应具有面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的视野,善于从苏共的失败中吸取教训,把政党民主建设摆上更重要的议事日程。只要遵循如下原则:一、坚持与发展“老祖宗”学说相统一的原则;二、长期性和阶段性相统一的原则;三、目的与手段相统一的原则;四、内生性与借鉴他人有益成果相统一的原则;五、“破”与“立”相统一的原则;六、党的各级组织互动的原则,马克思主义政党民主建设就一定能充满生机活力。更多还原

【Abstract】 A political party is a product as well as a tool of political democracy. A progressive party is naturally paired with democracy. The so-called party democracy does not simply refer to the string of the words“party”and“democracy”, but refers to the specific application of the value,principles and spirit of democracy to the party political life; the democratic degree and progressive status a party has reached during its formation,development and function; and the capability that a party has to create and absorb the results of human political civilization. As far as the structure is concerned, the party democracy mainly includes the intra-party democracy,the party’s governing democracy (to the governing party), the national inter-party democracy( to a country with multiparty), the external inter-party democracy, etc. Party democracy building means the organic contact and organic unification of the building of the intra-party democracy, of the party’s governing democracy, of the national inter-party democracy and of the external inter-party democracy. Its results are mainly embodied by the trinity of the enhancement of the party democratic consciousness, the growth of party democratic system and the cultivation of party democratic behaviors. To sum up, the party democracy building is a multi-side, multi-level and multi-content political system, political development situation and political development ability. It isn’t a fixed target, but the orientation for party progress, and the continuation of the democratic order and the accumulation of democratic results of party politics. The party democracy building is a systematic engineering, with its consisting parts not being split into pieces mechanically but an interactive whole. Of course, the breakthrough of party democracy building has different choices among different parties, which cannot be stereotyped.As a democratic party of advanced class, the Marxist Party can never be separated from party democracy building. The theory of the party democracy building of the Marxist Party is originated from Marx and Engels who gradually established and developed their thought of party democracy building through the creation and instruction of the activities of the Communist League, First International, and Second International, in the process of helping the national states establish the socialist parties, and through their struggles against the political rivals of all shades and the wrong ideas inside the workers’movement. This thought indicates a direction for the Marxist Party’s democratic party building and lays a solid foundation. It is the important part of Marxist theoretical system.In the history of mankind’s party democracy building, the CPSU for the first time tried to carry on the Party democracy building with the guidance of Marxism, but ended with failure,without any achievement. After wresting political power, the CPSU exterminated or canceled other political parties quickly, practicing one-party system ruled by the Communist Party. Its intra-party democracy, after the death of Lenin, didn’t get any development over a long period of time. The phenomenon of erasing distinctions between the party and the government and substitution of the party for the government was quite serious. It carried out great-powerism and great-partyism during the external inter-party communication, which deviated seriously from the essential requirement of the socialism and the nature and the purpose of the Communist Party. The CPSU didn’t solve these problems in time, so after a long period of accumulation, it eventually became one of the most important reasons which caused the crumble of the CPSU. The lesson is very profound.The party democracy building of the real socialist states has long subjected to the influence of the operation pattern of the CPSU, up to now the long-standing abuse of this pattern still exists, making reformation formidable work. These states insist on the Marxist Party’s leader status in nation and society and refuse rotation in office by several parties. As a result, the breakthrough of their party democracy building should be chosen inside the party. Only when intra-party democracy gets development first and the irrational power structure inside the party gets a change, can the party deal with its relationship with state power successfully to realize democratic governance; with democratic parties successfully to develop national inter-party democracy; with foreign parties and party international organizations to push forward external inter-party democracy. A lot of assertions that the Western Europe Communist Parties have made in respect to party democracy building are not completely identical with those of the real socialist states, their explorations are both positive and worrisome,and their development situation deserves our further observation and study.The CPC is a Marxist party in power with the most party members in the world nowadays. Whether the Party can do well in party democracy building has great significance not only to the future destiny of the party itself and socialism cause with Chinese characteristics, but also to the trend of mankind’s progress business. Investigating the cause and effect of the CPC’s party democracy building should not get away from the analysis and grasp of the social ecological environment in which it is carried on. Domestically speaking, the party democracy building of the CPC has close relations with the situation of the mode of production, with the process of the state’s democracy and ruling by law, with the atmosphere of the political cultural feature, with the socialist idea, with the Party’s judgment of its historical bearing, with the change of the structure of social class and stratum, etc. Internationally speaking, the party democracy building of the CPC has close contact with the conversion of the themes of the times and the rising of globalization, with the fluctuation of the international communist movement, with the new subject brought by the international human rights, with the transformation of party pattern and party system in the world, etc. These factors constitute the motive, pressure and resistance of the party democracy building of the CPC. And the party democracy building of the CPC goes forward within the interaction of positive and negative strength. How to use the motive effectively, change the pressure into motive and dissolve resistance is the important problem that must be resolved during the party democracy building of the CPC.In the period of the democratic revolution, Mao Zedong emphasized that“Democracy must be in all aspects”, holding the view that“party affairs”should also be democratic. In fact,“the democracy of Party affairs”had no substantive difference from“the party democracy”on the connotation. This showed that, subjectively speaking, the CPC paid attention to and hoped to do well in the party democracy building. But a good wish doesn’t mean a good deed in reality. After the foundation of the PRC, the CPC made different choice from the CPSU in regard to political party system, practicing the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, but it was almost the same as or even worse than the CPSU in respect to the centralization of authority of the party committee and erasing distinctions between the party and the government. The CPC treated the democratic parties as the bourgeois parties after the“Anti-righting Struggle”and worked on them with class struggle and transformation as the key link, making multiparty cooperation exist only in name. The CPC also regarded ideology as the key when handling the external work, practiced the“output revolution”, fought for the leadership in international communist movement and the centre in world revolution, and the inappropriate handle of inter-party relations exerted negative effect on the relations between China and some countries. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Congress,the CPC’s party democracy building has taken a new way without political movement but depending on reform and innovation under the new history condition. The CPC made a significant judgment that“Inner-Party democracy is the life of the Party”, adopting a series of measures to improve the intra-party democracy building. It came to realize that“the party and government should be separated and this issue should be put on the agenda”, although there was a reversal in the understanding, great changes had taken place in the party’s style of leadership and governance and scientific, democratic and law-based governance had become the party’s established policy. It affirmed that“the system of multiparty cooperation is a characteristic and advantage of China,s policital system”, resulting in a greater role of the democratic parties in the state’s political life. It emphasized that“Friendly relations between parties should be established”, according to the four principles of inter-party relations, forming an all-round, multi-channel, wide-area, deep-seated party diplomatic pattern. But there still exist many problems in the current party democracy building of the CPC. The nationalization and administration of the party organizations due to the backward development of the intra-party, together with the situation that multiparty cooperation depended to a great degree on whether the chief leader of the party committee was enlightened or not, actually reduced the CPC’s leader status, weakened its leadership function and affected its legitimacy to govern. Deng Xiao-ping once warned that it was a great irony if the party was regarded as the highest authorities, so the CPC should take this warning, looking for measures actively and working hard to enhance the party democracy building to a new level.Firstly, in the respect of the intra-party democracy building. The one-party system with various factions, as practiced by the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, is an embodiment of multiparty alternation system in the intra-party life, but it doesn’t fit China’s and the CPC’s actual conditions. Developing intra-party democracy should first make clear that it belongs to category of politics and it is, in nature, the rights that all the party members are master in the party and own the ultimate decision-making rights, the democratic centralism then belongs to the category of organization, as a result, intra-party democracy is superior to the democratic centralism which is democratic system in nature. It is suggested that, based on recovering a system of party conference with a fixed term, inside the party a Permanent Commission, an Executive Committee and a Disciplinary Committee to exercise the right to make decision, the right of execution and the supervisory authority respectively be set up, making them restrict as well as coordinate with each other so as to carry out a reasonable separation and scientific distribution of rights inside the party. In addition, the CPC should perfect the election system in the party, improve the way of holding the party congress, increase transparency in party affairs and create favorable conditions for democratic discussions within the Party, and make good use of network technology to strengthen the inner-party democracy building as well as the whole party democracy building.Secondly, in the respect of the governing democracy building. We should abandon the misunderstanding that Deng Xiaoping had discarded the viewpoint of separation of government from the party in his last several years of life, and devoted to settling the problem of erasing distinctions between the party and the government and substitution of the party for the government. The separation of government from the party refers to the separation of function between the party organizations and the organs of state, letting them perform their own official duties, rather than that the organs of state get rid of the party’s political leadership or the party member is rejected to hold a post in the organs of state. In state’s political life, the CPC plays a dual role of leading center and governance power, and the two are different in the main body, the acquisition of the position and the dependent means, so they should not simply be mentioned in the same breath. Further improving the Party’s style of leadership and governance, spuring on the separation of government from the party, should first reform the current situation of the coexistence of the two governmental power systems of the Party and the government, and on that basis, make clear the relations between the Party and the People’s Congress, the government, courts and procuratorate, so as to make them carry on their own work independently according to the rules of constitution and laws. The leading members of the Party and the government could hold a post cross with each other, but it should be avoided that the over-centralization of the power on a single person to lead to the phenomenon of erasing distinctions between the party and the government. In the end, we should give impetus to making“the Party is in charge of cadre management”scientific so as to change the actual practice that cadres at all levels and of all kinds are pointed by the Party organizations.Thirdly, in the respect of the national Inter-Party democracy building. There is no ecumenical political party system and we must strengthen the confidence of keeping to the path of political development under socialism with Chinese characteristics. The existence and development of the democratic parties are the presupposition and requirement to be well engaged in the system of multiparty cooperation of China, thus the CPC should support the democratic parties to expand their social base and to further develop and expand their organizations, and share the freedom of politics, the independence of organization and the equality of juridical status stipulated by the constitution and laws within the entitlements and onuses. The CPC should widen the passageways for the democratic parties to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs by means of adopting the composition of People’s Congress Representatives, accentuating the People’s Consultative Conference working, and extending the appointment of the democratic party members with actual power. The CPC should encourage the democratic parties to sing different tunes so as to make full use of democratic oversight and make the democratic parties’ideas, suggestions and critics benefit in reforming the CPC and the state’s affairs. It is suggested, due to the close relations between the party legal institution and the party democracy, that we lay down“political party law”with Chinese characteristics according to the constitution and based on China’s actual conditions and the beneficial experience of overseas Party Legislation, so as to put the CPC’s law-based governance and the democratic parties’law-based participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs into the track of legality, to make the activities of all political parties in China legal and lawful, and to maintain the current party politics pattern in China.Fourthly, in the respect of external inter-party democracy building. The CPC should have a full recognition of the status and role of the party’s external work in the state’s overall diplomacy and the CPC democracy building, the inter-party relationship should only be subjected to and serve state relations, and put China’s interests as the most important principle when discussing and dealing with problems. In the external inter-party association, the CPC should admit the objective existence of ideological dissimilarities among parties, and should not fuss about the social system and ideological differences and debate about ideology, so as to realize“make friends but keep a clear mind”. The CPC should persist in the principle and standpoint of“not a leader”,“not a standard-bearer”, and concentrate on China’own affairs in order to make greater contribution to human being, especially to the third world through China’s development. The CPC should persist in taking different measures according to the activity form and economic power of parties of different kinds to strengthen the actual effect of external inter-party association. The CPC should persist in the principle of parties in different states’independence and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, at the same time uphold justice and push democracy in international relations. From the point of adhering to and perfecting the system of multiparty cooperation in China, the CPC should also bring into play the democratic parties’assistant role in its external inter-party democracy building, encourage and support the democratic party to develop the external inter-party associations, and create a new party diplomacy situation with features of the times and Chinese characteristics.The Marxist Party’s cause is one that inherits the past and ushers in the future. The Marxist parties in all states, especially those in the real socialist states, should have the vision that gears to the needs of modernization, the world and the future. They should draw lessons from the failures of the CPSU and put the party democracy building on the agenda. The party democracy building of the Marxist Party can certainly be filled with life and vitality as long as the following principles are observed: 1) the principle of unifying the insistence and development of the doctrines left by Marxist classic writers; 2) the principle of unifying the long-term development and stage development; 3) the principle of unifying the ends and the means; 4) the principle of unifying endogenous character and draw on the beneficial results from others; 5) the principle of unifying abolishing the old and building up the new; 6) the principle of mutual influence among the organizations at different levels.更多还原