【作者】 潘晟；

【导师】 唐晓峰；

【作者基本信息】 北京大学 ， 历史地理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本文从中国古代地理学原本的知识体系出发,分别从观念、体系和知识兴趣三个方面勾勒了宋代地理学发展的基本面貌。首先,通过对宋代书目和类书的系统梳理,我们认为宋代地理学观念,在总体上表现出了明显的地理学学科意识。就书目而言,我们发现,宋人对地理学的观念性规定沿着疆域地理的路径前进。与此相伴随的是,《山海经》所代表的古代地理学传统开始逐渐被有意识地淡化。最为引人注目的是,南宋初年,郑樵对地理学所做的分类,构成了一幅两宋之际,具有浓郁学科意识(专门之学)的地理学景观。而在类书的分类中,从北宋前期开始,由山、水等自然名词、概念组成的“地”和由“州郡”构成的疆域地理渐次被纳入具有明确地理学观念的“地理”部类名下,从而构成一套比较完整的地理知识体系。在分类实践中,地理-舆地-州郡的概念与范围日趋明确,层次逐渐分明。尤其是谢维新以“舆地提纲”的名义,对山川、道路等具体地理对象的地理学意味进行了系统阐述,是宋代地理学观念发展的集中表现。总体上,地理部类内部知识的同一性增强的过程中,外部的相异性也得到了加强。其次,本文从文献撰述性质、技术传统等角度考察了宋代王朝地理学体系的演变。认为,闰年图和图经,作为地方定期搜集并上报中央的两种不同形式的王朝地理档案,在北宋中后期就逐渐停废,向由地方官组织,或士大夫私撰的州县地理著述过渡。至于南宋,成为风尚。虽然其中相当一部分继承了北宋图经的体例,但是成书的方式已经发生了很大变化,不再上报中央,也不再以档案的形式保存和管理,而是以著述的形式流传,并成为地方政治与文化的一种象征。另一方面,在定期的闰年地图之外,绵密的公务地图测绘奏报体系,和大量普通测绘官僚的工作,不仅形成了一套行之有效的空间统治技术,更有力地推进了宋代地图测绘技术的发展,成为沈括等人编绘天下舆图和总结地图学理论的基础。尤为突出的是,北宋朝廷积极修纂各类天下地理图籍,不断构筑新的天下形象,并形成了固定的修篡机构,一度成为中央政治权力的一个重要舞台,随着两宋之际政治地理局势的改变,至于南宋似乎突然陷入停顿,地方取代中央,成为王朝地理资料搜集与编撰的主体。而在面向外部的王朝地理探索中,两宋时代所面临的政治地理局势,对当时地理学的发展产生了直接而显著的影响。如界至勘会突破了以“五服”为核心的古典政治地理观念,发展了一套边界划分的原则和人文空间的地理表示方法。因使节往还,而产生的大量奉使语录或诗歌等,记录了当时最新的与国地理资料,而更有价值的是,频繁的奉使旅行开阔了当时学者的地理视野,深化了对北方自然与人文地理的认识,促进了地理学知识的累积。而士大夫对海外知识的积极态度,则使那些随海外贸易而来的世界知识,得以从零碎的片段转变为有条理的系统知识,并逐渐形成比较完整而客观的海外世界观念。本文的第三部分,则站在宋代学术的基础上,对地理学知识兴趣的发展进行了深入的讨论。认为,在北宋时代,受河患频仍的影响,学者对于《禹贡》的认识多集中于“水学”。至于南宋,随着政治与学术形势的变化,《禹贡》之学逐渐摆脱经学的束缚,尤其在朱熹、程大昌的努力下,经过归纳与总结,形成一套持之有据,行之有效的地理考证理论与方法,为士大夫所易于实践,将囿于经典传注的《禹贡》学导入地理学专题研究的时代。而在地理著述方面,宋人热心于撰述各种当代地理著述,同时历史地理考证蔚然成风,好为名山福地之书。最引人注目的是,两宋时代的学者对于自然有着十分浓厚的兴趣,不仅审美性自然观发达,更能够积极地从客观合理的角度思考、解释各种自然现象,甚至通过长期的经验观测进行实证,这在当时的士大夫中并不是偶然的现象,而是一种比较普遍的状态,余靖等人的潮汐论和沈括杰出的科学成就是这一知识兴趣的产物。值得重视的是,在宋代理学格物思想的影响下,观察并记录各种自然与地理现象成为当时日记体的必备项目。通过上述考察,我们认为在当时学术与政治背景下,宋代地理学在实践领域取得了巨大的发展和繁荣,但是在认识领域同时也发生了很大的变化。王朝地理学开始日益沿着以记录疆域变迁为核心的方向发展;地理学中地方与地点表示的数量传统逐渐削弱,文学与历史认同的表示方法得到迅速的发展,并日益占据统治地位;学者逐渐将地理学当做专门之学看待,但是与这个过程相伴随的是地理学的人文化方向发展;而蓬勃发展的对自然的知识兴趣,虽然在一定程度上曾经将经验实证方法带入了地理学之中,但是它并没有成为知识的潮流,更没有能够改变认识自然的基本方法。因此宋代地理学所取得的繁荣并没有让中国古代地理学取得突破性的进展,换句话说,地理学不是一个可以孤立发展的学科。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation reconstructed the basic features of the Sung dynasties from the ideas, system and knowledge interest on the stand of the knowledge system of the Chinese ancient geography.First, through surveying the bibliographies and lei shu (类书,encyclopedias)of the Sung dynasties, we came to the conclusion that there were obvious professional consciousness of the geography in ideas. And in regard to bibliographies, We found that the idea of the geography was defined along the path of the territory geography. While, the ancient geography tradition of the Shan hai jing(classic description on mountains and rivers) had been gradually to downplay consciously. And during the early years of the south Sung dynasty, the most eye-catcher was the classification of the geography by Zheng qiao(郑樵), which constituted a landscape of the geography which had the heavy academics consciousness between the North Sung and the South.And encyclopedias’classifications, from the North Sung,“di”(地) basing by concept of mountain, waters, etc., and“zhou jun”(州郡, administrative area) had gradually been taken into "di li"(地理, Geo-)category which had the explicit geography idea, then constituted a complete geography knowledge system. In practice, the concept and scope of the“di li”-“Yu di”(舆地)-“zhou jun”are explicit and logic gradually. Particularly, in the name of "Yu di ti gang"(舆地提纲,outline of the geography), Xi weixin(谢维新) explained the concrete objects from the geography eyes completely, such as mountain, stream, and road, which is a grate performance of the geography idea in the Sung dynasties. Generally, internal of the geography category, the knowledge was more same, then was more dissimilitude to external.Second, we had an inquiry into the change of the dynastic geography’s system during the Sung dynasties, from the writings’nature and technique tradition, and we came to following conclusions. Among them,‘Run niantu’(闰年图, a kind of maps making in the leap year) and‘Tu jing’(图经) ,as two kind of geography archives of the dynasty, had been ceased and discarded after the middle or later of the North Sung, and developed to administrative geography works compiled by locale government or wrote by elites. In the South Sung, it became popular. Although many of them inherited the style of‘Tu jing’of the North Sung, there took grate change, the process of their production were much difference, they were no longer reported to central Imperial government, no longer kept and managed as archives, but popularized as works even texts, and been honor and symbol of the local politics and culture. On the other hand, outside the periodical‘Run niantu’, the frequent system of official business maps making and reporting, and hard work of the common technique bureaucrats, which not only made up a set of fine space control technology, but also pushing forward the survey and map technical. All of these become the foundation that Shen kuo(沈括) and others made empire maps and discussed map theories. Outstanding, the North Sung edited all kinds of the empire geography books and maps actively, constructing the new empire image continuously, and then made up special office which once become an important stage of imperial political power. But along with the change of political geography situation between the North Sung and the South, such actives looked like fall into deadlock suddenly, and substituted central government, local become the main collectors and editors of the imperial geography data.Facing to the external world, the political geography situation of the Sung dynasties effected the development of the geography directly and obviously. Boundary making broke the classic political geography idea ,‘Wu fu’(五服,five different political cycle), and founded a set of principles to make out boundary and the way how to express humanities space. During diplomacy activity, ambassadors wrote many‘Yu lu’(语录, a kind of record of diplomacy travel) and poets, which recorded latest geography information of other countries. It was important that travels opened the scholar’s geography visual eyes, turned deeply to the understanding of the northern nature and the human geography, and promoted the geography knowledge accumulating. While elites’aggressive attitude turned those piecemeal knowledge with overseas trade into an orderly system, and become more complete and objective world idea gradually.At the third part, we discussed knowledge interest of the geography under academic background of the Sung dynasties. We found it was an important intellectual program how to annotate or explain Yu gong(禹贡, classic text by Da yu). Suffering the Yellow River’s flood frequently, most scholars and elites looked Yu gong as‘shui xue’(水学), the academic about rivers during the North Sung. Along with the variety of political and academic situation, the idea took grate change in the South Sung. Particularly, by the outstanding work of Zhu xi(朱熹) and Cheng dachang(程大昌), who induced and refined a set of theories and methods to research ancient geography in classic text, which was been accepted and practiced by scholars at that time. From then on, explaining and annotating of the text turned into geography study.According to the geography works of the Sung dynasties, we can come to Conclusions that scholars liked to write all kinds of contemporary geography books, on the same time, they were interest in historical geography, and writing books about‘Ming shan fu di’(名山福地,famous mountains and blessing ground). Outstanding, many scholars had strong interesting in observing the nature. Not only the aesthetic natural view was very flourishing, but they liked think and explain all kinds of nature phenomenon from object or material stand, even some scholars research nature by continue observing. Such action was not accidental phenomena in the scholars at that time, but a popular. On the condition, there were Yu jing(余靖)’s tide theories and Shen kuo’s science achieve, and etc.. Especially, observing and recording nature and geography phenomena became a stand content in diary during the South Sung, effected by the idea of‘ge wu’(格物) of‘li xue’(理学).Basing on above investigation, we thought that the geography had great development and prosper in practice field under the academic and political background, but there were grate change in epistemology during the Sung dynasties. The dynastic geography went forward along recording the territory change more and more. And its quantity tradition had been weaken gradually in describing place and locale, but the way of literature writing and history identity had been developed quickly and took the rule position. The scholars considered geography as professional knowledge gradually, but following the way the geography came to humanization. In the certain degree, booming development of the interest in nature world brought empiricism and positivism to the geography, but it was not come to current of the academic, and did not change the basic way of learn nature world at that times. So the prosper of the Sung dynasties did not get break development for the Chinese ancient geography, in other words, the geography does not an academic which could develop alone.更多还原