【作者】 金普军；

【导师】 王昌燧；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 中国漆器制作有着悠久的历史,至迟可以追溯到新石器早期,并且延续至今。这种继承性不是照搬上代的传统技艺,而是一种在继承中不断地创新和发展的过程。毫无疑问,科技手段日益成为考古研究领域的重要工具,它在研究古代漆器时发挥了重要的作用。它们不仅能够揭示出漆器制作工艺的“潜信息”,也有利于对漆器纹饰、造型、髹漆材料、髹漆业制度、漆器传播、漆器加工工艺和漆器保护等方面的研究工作。汉代漆器制作水平十分高超,达到了一个前所未有的高度,创造出大量造型优美、纹饰精美的漆器,在我国漆器文化史上占有重要的地位。漆膜是古代漆器重要的组成部分,它既是古代髹漆业核心工序之一,也是现代测试技术最为常见的研究对象之一。本文尝试利用各种现代测试技术去研究漆器残片,如显微镜、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱和扫描电镜等方法。实验结果在微观层次上总结了汉代主要类型漆器的制作工艺步骤,亦揭示出许多迄今未见报道的漆器制作工艺,为了解我国古代漆器制作工艺提供了宝贵的参考依据。首先,在研究古代漆器样品的基础上,总结了汉代木胎类漆器的主要髹漆工艺工序,并且讨论了各个步骤中的技术要领。第一、髹制漆灰层,漆灰层是汉代漆器制作时的一个重要步骤,这是髹漆的第一步,关系到漆器制作的成败;工匠在髹制漆灰层时,采用大漆反复涂刷的工艺,目的在于美观和平整漆灰层,为接着地工序打下坚实的基础。第二、髹制底漆层,底漆层是非常关键的中间层,保证着漆器的品质;当时的漆工采用了打磨和抛光工艺来处理底漆层,从而制作出直到现在还依然光亮鲜艳的漆器。第三、绘制纹饰层,主要利用朱砂(HgS)调制出的红色漆液绘制各种纹饰,也有采用大漆混合铜蓝(CuS)制作的漆液绘制暗黑色纹饰。其次,探讨了汉代夹纻胎漆器的制作工序。包括:第一步,制作内模,其外形很可能同器物相似;第二步,制作麻胎,利用漆灰液体把多层麻布(其他织物)粘贴在内模之上形成胎体;第三步,髹制漆灰层,将干燥定型后的胎体从内模上剥离,于其内外髹制一层漆灰;第四步,髹饰漆膜,在漆灰层上髹制漆层,并且采用打磨、抛光等工艺处理干燥的漆膜表面;第五步,利用CuS和HgS等呈色物质调制色漆,在底漆层上绘制彩绘纹饰。样品填料颗粒的物相鉴定表明各地漆膜中的红色颜料基本上都为朱砂(HgS)。另外,拉曼分析和荧光分析发现了一种特殊的颜料——铜蓝(CuS),把我国使用这种颜料的历史至迟推前到西汉代时期。放王岗漆膜的显微观察和其灰化产物的XRD分析结果,都说明漆膜中存在着大量的石英颗粒。特别地,这些石英颗粒在镜检时,显示了较好的磨圆度和均一度,是经过人为研磨和筛选处理的结果。这些情况表明,当时的工匠曾有意识在漆液中添加石英砂,其目的很可能是为了提高漆膜的质量。本论文的创新之处在于:首次利用现代测试分析手段系统地研究了汉代漆器漆膜残片,揭示出了这些漆器制作的主要工序,并把它们与文献记载相对比,使人们更加深刻地认识到当时的漆艺特点。而且,对漆膜及其附属物质的研究结果不仅仅为我们了解当时的髹漆业提供了第一手资料,同时也能够为现代髹漆业、漆器复制、鉴定和保护提供了参考依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 The histories of Chinese manufacture originated from the Neolithic early stage whose development was continual, which wasn’t a way to copy mechanically and apply indiscriminately from the traditional technology, but the way with creativities and improvements.Unquestionably, modern test techniques had come to play an important pole in the archaeological field, especially to research the ancient lacquer wares. They could show many potential messages about lacquer producing technologies, which benefited us to deeply realize the ancient lacquer wares, such as its designs, shapes, starting material, managerial system, spread, manufacture and conservation, etc.In The Han Dynasty, lacquer manufacture developed rapidly with a high-level technology to produce different kinds of fine lacquers, which had a high place in the history of Chinese Lacquer Culture. The lacquer film wasn’t only a component part of lacquers, but also a key to producing them, above all, on which we usually adopted modern test method to study.The purpose of this researching work was to attempt adopt modern test techniques, example for microanalysis, RAMAN, XRF, FTIR and SEM, to study the lacquer film. That experimental results had shown many important messages about lacquers of the Han Dynasty, example for the process about how to produce lacquers, some undiscovered technologies, supplied us precious materials to know lacquer manufacture.Firstly, this paper based of the research on ancient lacquer samples to summarize its producing process and technological essentials.First, the lacquer plaster layer was usually step one that adopted the mixture of urushi and backfill materials to cover the surface of wooden body. This step would conceal the superficial flaws and flatten the surface to facilitate next step.Second, the ground lacquer layer above the plaster layer was an important process with which craftsman often applied grinding and polishing technique to deal. So the surface of lacquers only took on a shining look.Last, that decorated designs on the lacquer surface named apsilate layer often used HgS as red pigment to produce red lacquer, and also used another pigments, such as CuS, etc.Secondly, we also studied lacquers with ramee body to turn out that there exist four main steps of its producing process. The first step was to make internal mold, next to stick multilayer ramee fabric above it with lacquer plaster liquid, then to brush a thick lacquer plaster on both side of the dried ramee body peeled off the internal mold, next to lacquer the ground layer, last to paint on the surface.The red lacquer films of different sites were analyzed by XRD, RAMAN. The results showed that all of pigment in red film was cinnabar (HgS). By RAMAN and XRF, we discovered an unreported pigment of that time, named as covelline (CuS) whose application to make the faint black color.Additional, the spectrum of lacquer films from Fangwanggang Tomb analyzed by XRD showed messages about quartz. These grains had good psephicity with homogeneous granularity through microscope, as if they were grinded by human. From the above mentioned, it could conclude craftsman unusually add quartz into the lacquer liquid at that time.This paper firstly used modern test techniques to systemically investigate ancient lacquers of the Han Dynasty. Meanwhile, considering the historical documents, we announced the main producing process and analyzed raw material to make lacquers, which offered important reference to present-day lacquer manufacture, also supplied reference data to copy, identify and protect them.更多还原