北魏儒学与文学

【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 韩理洲；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 本论文全面系统地考察了北魏时期儒学和文学存在发展的过程,对两者之间的关系进行了深入论述。在对儒学存在和发展的描述中,本论文首先考察了汉晋之间儒学的发展和变化,提出这一时期的儒学由思想学术、政治制度、礼仪风俗以及士人活动四个层面构成。进而指出在北魏儒学中,政治制度层面的儒学是最稳定、最具影响力的,而不同时期,儒学存在的重心又经过从士人活动、政治制度、礼仪风俗到思想学术的转移,从而在社会生活中确立了其主导性地位。本论文将北魏文学分为三个部分来考察:太和以前的北方汉人文学;太和以后北方汉人文学与南方文学的交流和融合;北魏皇族的文学创作。第一部分以崔浩之狱为界分为两个时期:前一时期,由河北诸政权入魏的作家奠定了北魏文学重功用的传统,北魏政权以儒学为单纯统治方法的观念造成了文学总体发展的低靡。但以赞颂为功用的儒学文艺观为文学在这一时期的存在争取了空间,使得后一时期,北魏文学在高允等人的努力下又得到发展,并出现了学习南方文学的内容。第二部分分别以应用性散文和诗赋为重点,揭示了太和以后儒学文化与文学间的关系:儒学从政治制度向思想学术等层面的拓展使文学得到重视,最终在北魏末期到东魏形成了重视士人文学才能的社会风尚。儒学的文艺观也在这一时期对文学产生了重大影响:儒学重视社会功用的文艺观,形成了北魏文学以应用性散文为主要体裁的文体结构;“美刺”和“言志”的文学功用论形成了北魏文学与社会政治紧密联系的思想内容;儒学中典正古雅的美学主张形成了北魏文学的主要审美倾向。而儒学中文质并重的观念也促进了北魏对南方文学的学习。第三部分通过考察北魏皇族对汉族文学的接受及其文学实践,本论文认为:北魏儒学在前述四个层面上的存在和深入,从政治、文化上完成了北魏政权的汉化,而为其所影响的文学则通过情感表达方式的规定和情感类型的强调造成了鲜卑民族心理的汉化,完全改变了鲜卑上层贵族的民族特征。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this dissertation, relations between Confucianism and literature in Bei Wei dynasty are discussed. To describe the existing of Confucianism in the period from Han dynasty to Jin dynasty, four layers that politic system, thoughts, proprieties custom; activities of scholar-bureaucrat were given. These four layers also exist in Bei Wei dynasty, the steadiest and influential one is. Along Bei Wei dynasty, the most influential layer of Confucianism has turned from activities of scholar-bureaucrat to politic system, then proprieties and custom, and learning and thoughts, at last, takes the leading position in society.In the dissertation, the literature in Bei Wei dynasty is divided into three parts: Writing of Han nation writers before 477A.D, Writing of Han nation writers between 477A.D and 550A.D. and Writing of the royal family. In the first part, the thought that Confucianism is just a sort of rule artifice limited literature in a narrow space. Literature just pays a tribute to the political. In the second part, two layers of Confucianism, politic system and thoughts, had made literature recognized. Ideas about literature from Confucianism make influence on writing. The idea of usefulness on literature makes literature in Bei Wei dynasty has much relation on political. Idea of admiring and criticism given the view on literature to writers and supervised their writing. Aesthetic taste of classicality and elegance to literature is also from Confucianism. During study to the north writers, the principle that pays equal attention to content and skill was practiced, which is also from Confucianism.Acceptation to Chinese literature of royal family in Bei Wei dynasty and their writings are also discussed in the dissertation, alter view is point out: Confucianism in the layers makes Bei Wei regime turn to the Han nationality in culture. Literature influenced by Confucianism makes the mentality of Bei Wei royal family changed. The nationality of Xian Bei disappeared along with the change in fashion of expiration one’s mention.更多还原