清代陕西书院研究

【作者】 刘晓喆；

【导师】 李浩；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 中国古代书院研究是当前国内学术界的一个关注热点,也是一个正在拓展、深化和发展的研究领域,在此领域还有许多未发现的命题,也有许多命题还有待进一步深入研究,比如,有关陕西地方书院史的研究还不系统与完善,有关书院与文学发展的相关性研究在国内还很少见。本文借鉴有关学术成果,在研究整理陕西古代书院史料的基础上,对清代陕西书院进行考证和梳理,并从历史流变与地理分布、经费筹措与管理运营、教育理念与教学设计、学术标举与社会影响等方面,论述了清代陕西书院的历史概貌与区域特征,同时通过对于文学传统、文学人物和书院文献的文学遗产等诸方面的分析,专门阐述了书院与文学的特殊关系以及清代陕西书院的文学遗产。本文的基本观点和分析结论有:1、有清一代,陕西共有书院218所,其中新建192所。与全国的形势一样,书院在清代陕西的普及与发展超过了以往各朝代,但同时,清代陕西书院的发展与江南等发达地区相比仍显落后,这反映了自宋以降中国经济文化中心逐渐南移后陕西经济社会发展日渐落伍的趋势与地位,也与战乱频仍、灾异不断和思想保守、文教不兴的清代陕西历史文化背景密切相关。2、从基本制度层面来说,作为中国古代社会后起的一种与封建官学和传统私学并立的教育文化组织,书院的组织属性本属于民间办学的私学性质,但由于官学化对于书院的长期影响,对于某一具体的书院来说,其组织属性中的官私成分常常出现复杂混浊的情况。3、书院的内部组织机构设置,普遍体现出简捷高效的特点。一般的书院,其内部组织管理体系,都由教学组织系统和总务(后勤)组织系统两大体系组成,而山长领导地位与权力的确立,在相当大的程度上保证了书院相对独立自由的发展和学术教育水平的提高。4、作为民间办学性质的书院,经费筹措是其管理运营的重要课题和发展的基本保障。总的来看,书院尤其是清代陕西书院的经费筹措与运营是相当艰难拮据的,封建朝廷对于书院的“官学化”改造也常常从经费资助入手。5、宋代理学的兴起,使书院有了学术精神与灵魂,并使书院制度走向成熟,书院从此成为中国古代学术思想发展的重要平台与因素。理学在陕西地域的代表——关学,自宋代张载创立起,历经元明清各朝和萧维斗、吕柟、冯从吾、李顒、刘古愚等大师传承,其发展历史始终与书院保持着密切的联系。6、李顒、刘古愚是清代陕西学术思想史上两位旗帜性的大师,也是引领清代陕西书院发展潮流的大师,他们主持的关中书院、味经书院和崇实书院成为清代陕西书院学术教育发展的最高水平的代表。7、在大师的指引下,清代陕西书院的学术主旨与办学风尚,承续关学传统,以匡时救世为目的,以经世致用为纲领,其学术观点最突出地表现在两个方面:一是明体适用的为学主张,二是化民造士、政教合一的教育救国论。清代陕西书院的学术标举与传承流布,不仅推动了陕西学术文化的发展,而且为促进陕西近代化做出了不可磨灭的贡献。8、将传统儒家教育的基本精神与科举之艺相结合,是有清一代书院人才培养思路的普遍趋向,就传承儒家教育精神而言,清代陕西书院的教育理念与办学思路,最突出地表现在两个方面:一是重视修身正心的人格培养与品质养成,二是重视经世致用的实学教育。9、与今日高等学校教学建设体系中的专业建设和课程建设结构组成相类似,书院的教学基本建设也主要基于分斋(科)制度和课程规定两个层面。刘古愚在崇实书院时实施分斋教学,是清代陕西书院分斋制度的典型代表;李顒在主持关中书院时拟定的《关中书院会约》和《关中书院学程》,是清代陕西书院在课程建设方面拟定的讲授课程规定和自学(修)课程规定的代表之作。10、作为中国古代社会的一种学术教育组织,书院继承了中国传统文化的文学传统。书院的诗文传统,既表现在书院的教育方面,也表现在书院人文的其它方面。11、相较于封建官学,书院更为自觉、充分地贯彻了中国传统文化中诗文教化的理念与精神。历代书院不仅普遍开设经史诗文科,而且在教学设计体系的其它方面也设计了大量的文学教育内容。12、书院师生是中国古代社会传统文人的集合体。自古以来,书院就是文人骚客的荟萃之地,书院不仅吸引了大量的文人骚客和各界名流附庸风雅、题词赋诗,而且云集了一批著名的文化大师和文学家主持任教,培养了一代代文人才俊,这一点在清代书院尤为突出。13、书院人物在清代陕西文坛占有相当的比重,尤其是以李顒、李因笃、王心敬、路德、牛兆濂等为代表的书院大师更是在文坛扮演了重要的角色,他们不仅以自己的学术标举影响文坛,而且以自己的文艺研究与文学创作实践推动了陕西文学的发展。14、书院文献包含大量富有价值的文学遗产。在陕西书院文献里,除去上述书院大师个人的道学汇编与文艺专辑之外,大量出自文人学者的各地书院碑记,以精美的散文形式记录了清代陕西的书院风光与人文。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study on Chinese ancient Academy of classical learning is coming into a hot issue in the national academic world,moreover,it is also a research field which is continuously extending,deepening and developing.In this field there are lots of unfound propositions as well as many propositions that remain to be further studyed. For example,the research into the history of Shaanxi local Academy in Classical Learning is not fully systematic and perfect;and the study of correlation between the academy and literary development is fairly rare.This dissertation,by consulting some research achievements about Chinese ancient Academy,makes a verification and arrangement on Shaanxi Academy based on the study and arrangement of the relevent historical materials,and makes a,discussion on the general historical picture and regional character of Shaanxi Academy in the Qing dynasty from the aspects of geographical distribution and history changes,funds collection and management, learning standard and social influence,and also through the analysis of culture background,education knowledge and humanity inheritance makes a specialized description of the special relationship between Academy and literature,as well as the literary inherence of Shaanxi Academy of Classical Learning in the Qing dynasty.The basic viewpoints and analytic conclusions are shown below:1、There are total 218 Academies of Classic Learning in Shaanxi province during Qing dynasty,192 of which are newly built.Same as the national situation,the popularization and development of Academies in Shaanxi excceed in the former dynasties.However,compared with Academies in the developed southern region,the development of Academies in Shaanxi province seems backward.It reflects the fact that the economic and social development in Shaanxi gradually fell behind after the Chinese economic and cultural centers began to move southward since the Song dynasty,it also has the close relationship with the historical backgroud of the frequent wars and contiuous disasters in Shaanxi of Qing dynasty,the conservative thought, and the situation of undeveloped culture and education.2、The Academies,with the functions of learning,discoursing on academic subjects,collecting books,publishing books,offering sacrifices and so on,is a burgeoning educational and cultural organization which coordinates with the traditional private school and the feudal official school,As far as its basic system is concerned,the Academie’s organic properties belong to the non-governmental private school.Under the long-term influence of Chinese official educational system on the Academies,as for some specific Academy,its organizational features reflect a mixture of both those of official and private institutions.3、From the inside organization of the Academies,the Academies everywhere in each dynasty have some differences.Nevertheless,in all,their inside organizational setups reflect the common qualities of efficiency and simplification.As for the ordinary Academies,their inside administrative systems,are composed of two big systems:the teaching arid organizing system and the general affairs(logistics) organizing system.The establishment of headmaster’s leading position and authority guarantee the relatively independence and free development and the continuous improvement of learning educational standard.4、As the ancient Academies with the quality of running Academies under the non-government circurmstances,funds collesting is the important topic of their management and operation,and the basic guarantee of their development as well. Generally speaking,the Chinese Academies of Classical Learning,especially Shaanxi Academies in the Qing dynasty are of great difficulty and shortance of money.The reform of "Officiallized Academy" conducted by the feudal Chinese government was often started from the financial support.5、The rise of the Confucian school of idealist philosophy(LiXue School)in Song dynasty(an idealist philosophy in Song dynasy),made the Academy of Classical Learning have the spirit and soul,and the system of Academy into mature. The Academy has become an important platform and factor for the development of Chinese ancient learning mentality culture from then on.The chief representatives of the ancient learning in Shaanxi(GuanXue Learning -- the school of Thoughts in Guanzhong area in Shaanxi -- from the creating by ZhangZai since Song Dynasty, Went through Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasty,it carried on and renewed by such a group of masters as XiaoShi,LvRan,CongWu Feng,LiYu,GuYu Liu),its development history has close relationship with the development of the Shaanxi Academy Of Classical Learning.6、Li Yu and Liu Guyu are the two great masters guiding the learning development history of Shaanxi,and promoting the development of Shaanxi Academies in Qing dynasty.Guanzhong Academy,Weijing Academy and Chongshi Academy of Classical Learning which they hosted become the most advanced representative of Shaanxi’s academic education development of the Academies in Qing Dynasty.7、Guided by the masters as LiYu.Gu Yu Liu,the learning purport and the style for running Academies followed the traditions of the GuanXue School,with the rescuing of the nation as its objects,and pragmatic teaching and learning as its guiding principle.To sum up,its major academic thoughts lay in the following two aspects:The first is the proposition that learning and teaching should be based on Chinese traditional’ classical thoughts;and be pragmatic at the same time by absorbing some western ideas,Second is that education should aim at benefiting the people and rescuing the nation.The creation,renewal and wide spread of the academic thoughts of Shaanxi Academies of Classical Learning,helped to promote the cultural and academic development of Shaanxi;on the other hand,made unforgettable contributions to the creation of the academic thoughts and the fostering of many talents for the modernization of Shaanxi province.8、The combination of the fundamental spirit of the traditional Confusion School and the imperial examination is a common tendency of cultivating talents in Qing dynasty.As for spreading and inheriting the spirit of the traditional Confusion School, the educational idea and the idea of running Academies chiefly display in two aspects: one is to attach inportance to cultivating character and quality of rectifying personality; the other is the practical education. 9、The fundamental teaching construction of Chinese traditional Academy of Classical Learning,similar to the composition of cause and major construction of the modern higher regular college course teaching constructive system,also mainly bases on instructional system to separate various disciplines based on different research orientations and course regulation.Guyu Liu’s Setting up four studies sections,such as learning ancient,study section,Seeking aspiration study section,promoting skills study section and so on,and allotting study section teaching,is a typically representative of allotted study Section system of Shaanxi Academy of Classical Learning in Qing dynasty.The act of "The Constitution of Guanzhong Academy"and "Curriculum for Guanzhong Academy",worked out by LiYu when hosting Shaanxi Guanzhong Academy of Classical Learning,are representatives in course construction aspect of the instructive course regulation and self-taught course regulation of Shaanxi Academy of Classical Learning in Qing dynasty10、As for the Academic educational organization in ancient Chinese society, Academy of Classical Learning herited the literature tradition of Chinese traditional culture.The tradition of the Academy in poems shows in its education aspect as well as in the others of its humanities.11、The useful literature notion regarding poetry and prose as a teaching means is the fundamental concept of Chinese traditional culture;literature is the tool and concept of learning as well as the requirement of being a man and the standard of accomplishment.Compared with the study of feudal official learning,the Academy implements the idea and spirit of Chinese traditional culture more fully and consciously.The Academies of Classical Learning through Dynasties in the past,not only established subject namely history poetry,but also designed a lot of concept about literature in teaching design system and other aspects,such as course system and concept,learning regulation,examination,collection,caving and so on.12、The teachers and students in the Academy are the aggregation of the Chinese ancient social traditional literatis,since ancient times,the Academies have been the place the literatis favored or frequently visited.The Academy of Classical Learning converged passel of the famous cultural masters and litterateurs who hosted and teached there.In past dynasties,especially the Academy in Qing dynasty fostered many scholars of generations.13、The figures of the Academy occupy the large proportion in Shaanxi literary circles during Qing dynasty,especially the masters Such as Li Yu,Li YinDou,Wang Xinjing,LuDe and Niu ZhaoLian who as their representatives of the Academic School played the important roles in the literature society of that time.They not merely had the great influence on the literary circles through their academic leading position,but also promoted the literature development through their studys on the literature and art,and their own lituratural writings’ practice.14、The documents on Academy of Classical Learning contain a large quanitative of valuable literature heritage.In the documents of Shaanxi Academy except for the above masters’ individual collected works related to "Daoism" and monograph,there are still a large number of recordings from the tablets by the men of letters and scholars in defferent regions,which recorded the scenary and humanities of Shaaxi Academy in Qing dynasty with the form of exquisite proses.更多还原