【作者】 张颖岚；

【导师】 王建新；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 秦始皇帝陵是中国古代帝王陵墓中规模最大、埋藏物最丰富的一座大型陵墓,具有重要的历史价值、研究价值、社会价值和经济价值。1961年被列入首批全国重点文物保护单位,1987年被列入世界遗产清单,是目前陕西省唯一一处独有的世界文化遗产。根据考古研究工作,秦始皇帝陵区占地面积达56.25平方公里,其中,秦始皇帝陵园占地面积2.13平方公里,为核心区域,秦始皇帝陵区的文物分布密集区接近20平方公里。多年来,在秦始皇帝陵园内外先后发现了180余座陪葬坑,数百座墓葬和数百万平方米的建筑基址,出土了包括秦兵马俑、彩绘铜车马、百戏俑、青铜水禽等一大批精美的文物。秦始皇帝陵文化遗产的有效保护与合理利用,有利于弘扬民族精神、加强爱国主义教育、建设中华民族共有精神家园,也有利于带动区域产业结构优化调整、促进社会、经济繁荣,推进和谐社会建设。为了切实保护好秦始皇帝陵这一珍贵人类文化遗产,促进文化遗产保护与合理利用协调发展,近年来,国家和当地政府采取了一系列重大举措,对于秦始皇帝陵文化遗产的保护、管理与利用具有十分重要和积极的作用。但是我们还应当看到,秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地的资源管理工作仍然存在着一些问题,直接或间接影响到秦始皇帝陵文化遗产的可持续发展。本课题即以秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地资源管理对策研究为主旨,以秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地为研究对象,通过深入分析文化遗产本体和所依存区域在文化遗产保护、管理和利用,以及社会、经济方面存在的主要矛盾和问题,以寻找有利于文化遗产保护与利用、有利于区域社会、经济发展的优化模式,提出文化遗产保护和利用和谐共生的可持续发展对策,为地方政府及管理部门提供决策参考。本文提出,“文化遗产”和“文化遗产地”是两个不同的概念。“文化遗产地”是指文化遗产本体及其与文化遗产有一定联系的地域所构成的空间区域和人文环境、生态自然环境的总合。按照“文化遗产地”这一概念研究和分析文化遗产地资源管理中所出现的各类问题和矛盾,有助于将文化遗产的保护置于区域社会、经济可持续发展的宏观框架内,统筹和协调文化遗产保护与区域社会、经济发展的关系,也有利于突出文化遗产保护在区域社会、经济发展中的主体地位,形成以文化遗产保护为核心的区域社会、经济科学发展方式。在此基础上,本文首先对可持续发展理论、战略管理理论、博弈论、旅游地生命周期理论等相关理论和分析方法及其在文化遗产地综合研究中应用的可行性进行了分析探讨,建立研究理论基础。同时,对秦始皇帝陵区的自然环境、社会环境、文化遗产资源分布和管理现状等方面进行了综合研究,提出秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地目前存在着文化遗产资源富存状况不清、缺少统一的管理体制、保护与发展之间的矛盾突出、文化遗产展示手段陈旧单一、文化产业开发不足等问题,并分析了产生这些问题的潜在原因。通过对国内外文化遗产地资源管理的经验进行了全面梳理和分析,并结合相关理论,本文认为,秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地资源管理的核心在于可持续发展。既要注重文化遗产本体的可持续发展,也要关注文化遗产所在区域的社会、经济可持续发展,是解决秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地保护与利用矛盾、冲突的有效途径,并提出秦始皇帝陵文化遗产资源管理的具体对策和建议:(1)科学研究工作是秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地资源管理中的基础环节。要通过深化多学科应用水平、推进考古研究工作,扶持文化遗产保护科研机构、解决文化遗产保护难关,进一步拓展对文化遗产保护与利用的研究;(2)尽快理顺管理体制,有助于统筹秦始皇帝陵文化遗产的保护与利用。近期可对秦始皇帝陵区的文化遗产管理机构和管理职责进行整合,建立以文化遗产管理部门为主导,地方政府配合行使相关职能的管理体制,以“秦始皇帝陵博物院”作为文化遗产资源管理的实施主体;远期目标是以秦始皇帝陵陵区为基础,建立新的行政区域——“秦始皇帝陵文化遗产保护特区”,并成立统一的、具有完全行政管理权的文化遗产地管理机构。(3)重视观众的体验需求和多层次要求,采用多种形式活化文化遗产内涵,提升秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地的展示水平,并注重保护与展示和谐统一;(4)秦始皇帝陵的文化遗产保护要充分考虑到社区利益,通过各种方式和途径切实提高全社会对于秦始皇帝陵文化遗产价值的认知,建立相应的补偿机制,缓解保护与发展的矛盾与对立,使当地政府和居民从文化遗产的保护工作中受益,从而调动和激发全社会保护文化遗产的主动性和自觉性;(5)统筹文化遗产地的保护与发展,协调好文化遗产保护与区域社会、经济发展是实现秦始皇帝陵文化遗产地有效管理的重要对策。可以通过实施产业引导政策、带动文化旅游产业发展、建立区域旅游合作模式、建立健全巾场准入和管理制度等方式引导和规范区域社会经济发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum is one of the biggest emperor’s tombs with the most abundant cultural heritages among the Chinese ancient emperor’s tombs, it have many important values, such as historic, research, social and economic value. In 1961, Emperor Qin Shihung’s mausoleum was listed as one of Chinese National Cultural Relic Protection Units in 1961, World Heritage in 1987. It also is the only unattached World Heritage in Shaanxi Province. According to the archaeological data, Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum covers about 56.25 square kilometers, the tomb itself, also the core area, take the area about 2.13 square kilometers, the area with abundant cultural heritage covers almost 20 square kilometers. Until now, archaeologists have found more than 180 burial pits, hundreds accessory tombs and millions square meters building ruins, unearthed many unique objects, including terracotta warriors and horses, color-painted bronze chariots, acrobatic pottery figures and bronze birds.The effective protection and reasonable utilization of Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum would be beneficial to promotion of national identity, patriotism education and building the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation; it also would be beneficial to the optimization and adjustment of area industry structure, accelerating society and economy prosperity, advancing the building of harmony society. In order to protect Emperor Qin Shihuang’ mausoleum, the very important world heritage, and promote the harmonious development of cultural heritage protection and utilization, recent years, national and local governments take many actions, these actions were very important for the protection, management and utilization of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum.But we should also realize that there are still many problems in the resources management of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum, these problems restrict directly and indirectly the sustainable development of cultural heritage. Focusing on the Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum, this dissertation focused on the recommendations for resources management of cultural heritage place, analyzed the conflicts and problems in the protection, management, utilization and social, economic development between cultural heritage itself and neighboring area, in order to build optimization mode and bring forward sustainable development strategy for heritage protection and social, economic development, and provide reference for decision-making of local government.This dissertation argued, "Cultural Heritage" and "Cultural Heritage Place" are two distinct terms. "Cultural Heritage Place" refer to the combination of geographical, historical, social and economic environment of cultural heritage itself and neighboring area. Researching and analyzing conflicts and problems in the resource management according to this meaning would be helpful for putting the heritage protection in the macro-environment of social, economic sustainable development, and harmonizing the relationship between protection and development. It also will be helpful for placing the heritage protection in dominating place in the whole macro environment, and forming the harmonious social and economic development mode with heritage protection on the core position.Based on this view, the dissertation discussed possibility of applying the Sustainable Development Theory, Strategy Management Theory, Game Theory and other analyzing method in the research of heritage place, and setup the theoretical basis for dissertation. Meantime, researched systematically on the natural and social environment, distribution and management of cultural heritage, and found that the main problems are unclear cultural heritage resource, lacking unified management system, conflict between management, protection of cultural heritage and regional social, economic development, humdrum heritage display and low-level cultural industry. After researching on the other cultural heritage management systems in the world, the dissertation argued, the foundation of resource management of cultural heritage place in Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum should be sustainable development. That means we should pay attention on the sustainable development of cultural heritage, as well as regional social and economic development. That will be the feasible way to solve the problems of conflict between protection and development in the cultural heritage place. On this understanding, this dissertation brought forward following suggestions:(1) Researching is the basement of the cultural heritage management. We should introduce and apply multi-discipline methods in the research work, accelerate archaeological work, support science conservation, achieve conservation technique breakthrough, and expand the research field on the protection and utilization of cultural heritage.(2) Unified management system would be beneficial to the harmonizing of protection and utilization. The Short-term aim is build the unifying heritage management system of the Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum, in which the cultural heritage management section should be the main position, and other departments of government give necessary support. "Museum of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum" should be the cultural heritage management institute. In the future, we should establish a new administration district in this area, named as Cultural Heritage Protection District of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum, function as the only cultural heritage, social and economic administrative organization.(3) Paying more attention to the visitors’ multi-aspect experiencing need, and updating the cultural heritage display through many approaches, activating the cultural heritage, and harmonizing the protection and display of cultural heritage.(4) Considering well of community benefits in the cultural heritage protection. It is necessary to improve the understanding the values of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum, establish the financial compensatation system, and give financial return to the local government and residents, by these measure, we could inspire the initiative and enthusiasm of community on the cultural heritage protection.(5) It should be the important policy in the resource management to harmonize the cultural heritage protection and regional social, economic development. In order to guide and standardize the regional development, it would be necessary to establish the cultural industry development oriented policies, support heritage tourism, setup regional tourism cooperation organization and constitute cultural industry admittance and management system.更多还原