【作者】 马瑞江；

【导师】 庞卓恒；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 史学理论及史学史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,在中国文明起源研究方面,有一项突破性成果,就是确认了中国文明经历了一个从多元到一体的发展演进过程。但是,迄今主要是从时间和空间上对中国文明从多元到一体的发生过程作了比较深入、系统的阐述,而对于促成从多元到一体的深层动因和机制的探讨,却近乎空白。本文试图在这方面做一些尝试性弥补。本文致力于以长城内外游牧和农耕族群从冲突、对峙到逐渐走向交融、融合的历史过程为例,探寻中国文明从多元到一体的动因和机制,并试图进而揭示内聚性的中国文明超常持续发展的奥秘所在。文章采用自然生态与社会生态一体化的分析方法,对四种不同的生产生活方式进行了剖析:森林部落在演化历史悠久的生态系统中拥有一条长长的食物链,容易生存,难以发展。南方原始稻作农业区,采用自然农业体系的耕作方法,火耕而水耨,长期落后于黄河流域的文明发展。但它拥有强劲的发展潜能。游牧部落是从事短链生产,在有利的生态条件下,净生产量大,发展快,但由于结构简单,产出单一,抗生态环境波动干扰能力差。短链生产的特点是决定游牧族群骤兴骤衰的根本原因。农业的生产短链更短,但是,黄河流域由于气候变率大,灾害过于频繁,在农业生产的过程中加长了生产链,使得农业生产的稳定性增强,而这是黄河流域的农耕文明持续发展的重要因素。旱地农业精耕细作的农业生产体系的创立;保持地力“常新壮”观念和相应的合理施肥,补充地力的坚持不懈的努力,保障了内聚性文明持续发展。在农业生产基础上的文明观念特别注重和谐、中和与顺乎自然。水灾和旱灾对农业生产极具破坏性,为了保障生产的持续性,就必须修建大型水利工程,进行农田基本建设,由于建设这些工程的需要,发展出大协作的生产方式。来自游牧族群的巨大冲击不断,为了保护农耕区而修建长城。修建长城更需要大协作的生产方式。在此基础上构建了强调维护统合的社会组织与社会制度。以统合的社会组织与社会制度应对来自自然与人文环境的强大压力的挑战,形成了具有坚韧的内聚力和持续发展潜力华夏文明特质。大规模协作修建的水利工程推动了基本经济区的发展。抗异族入侵斗争和修建长城强化了民族的凝聚力。在动员社会力量投入巨大工程建设的过程中,使统合性社会组织和社会制度不断强化。黄河流域的大协作的生产方式有助于内聚性文明持续发展,与此相适合的一整套社会价值准则,注重农业生产的持续性与社会发展的稳定性,而这是文明持续发展的最为关键的因素。为了探索中国文明从多元到一体的动因与机制,特别注重游牧与农耕两种异质性文明圈的互动与演进。首先表现为文明的冲突,但是由于二者经济上具有很强的互补性,在冲突的过程反而形成二元一体的结构,在冲突中走向融合。长城也是冲突与融合的统一体。互动中的演进历程:二者的历史走了四段,两个对称性形态,最终走上多民族国家一体化的历程。这种对称性的历史形态,表明一种长时期的节律存在于历吏发展的过程中。值得注重的是两个具有内在机制相互作用的文明圈之间,民间经济行为等文化潜入对于民族融合具有重要作用。作为两种文化的过渡,历史上曾经创造出第三文化,作用明显。从长城内外游牧与农耕族群互动演进的历史看内聚性的中国文明持续发展的动因与机制:文明发展主要是由纵向推动力和横向推动力来推动。内聚性的中国文明发展的特殊机制在于,能够把横向的外部的推动力转化为纵向的内部发展推动力。遭遇游牧族群入侵是几大文明古国都经历过的历史,许多古老文明在这种遭遇中夭折了,或中断了。唯有中国文明能够把这种长期存在的外部推动力不断地转化为内聚性文明的纵向的内在的推动力,所以中国文明是唯一持续至今的古老文明。内聚性的中国文明发展动因和机制上的这一特点,使得来自多元的外部各种文明与文化,在与农耕文明互动演进的过程,不断地被转化为农耕文明自身发展的推动力量,所以,中国文明的发展从多元到一体就有其必然性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently, in studies origin of Chinese civilization, there had made a breakthrough achievement, that is, possesses an evolution from multi-origins to integration. However, so far there had a deeply and systemic analysis of the course of multi-origins-to-integration from aspects of space and time, and there are absent of cause and mechanism of evolution from multi-origin into integrations. This paper tries to discuss this problem.A case of historical course of collision, to mutual confrontation, then to harmony of agriculturally and nomadic groups at both sides of the Great Wall, the paper discusses cause and mechanism of evolution from multi-origin into integrations and further reveals secrets of long-term of Chinese civilization with cohesive force.The paper uses an integrated analytical method of natural ecology and socioecology, and makes an analysis of four different life stylesTribes lived in forests possessed a long food chain, more easily survived, and hardly developed.In area of primitive rice, natural agricultural methods was used, slash-and-water cultivation, so, civilization of primitive rice had fall behind that of Yellow river and however had a powerful developmental potential.Nomadic tribes had a short chain production. Under adventitial condition, net yield was great, development was fast, but, because of simple structure, output was of singularity, and environmental fluctuation could overwhelm this short chain product. The trait of short chain product resulted in rise and fall of nomadic tribes.In Yellow river, agriculture possessed shorter chain product, but climatic fluctuation was great, natural calamities occurred frequently, which prolonged productive chain in agriculture, which made agricultural power stable. It consisted of persistence development of agricultural civilization in Yellow river. The elaborative product system of drought agriculture was established, the opinion of conservation of land fertility occurred, effort of renewal land fertility were made, which resulted in persistence development of civilization with cohesive force. The opinion, based on agricultural production, emphasized harmony, neutralization and non-violation nature. Flood and drought had great destroying, so, in order to make agriculture run, great irrigation works must be established, basic land works must be done, which needed of cooperative mode of production. Great impact from nomadic groups forced people build the Great Wall to protect farming area, and building the Great Wall needed of more scaled cooperative mode of production. Basis on above mentioned, a social organization and system underlined unification and integration was created. Relying on the social organization and system, in responding to challenges from nature and society, Chinese civilization quality, with hard cohesiveness and persistence developmental potential, appeared. Irrigation works, constructed by large cooperation, could push basic economic area development, and anti-attack from other nation and building the Great Wall, strengthened the national cohesion. In mobilizing social power into vast engineering constructions, social organization and system underlined unification and integration, was reinforced. Large cooperative methods of production had function on persistence development of cohesive civilization, corresponding norms of social value that underlined persistence of social production and stability of social development, which were most critical factor for persistence development of civilization.To discuss cause and mechanism of multi-origins into integration of Chinese civilization, interacts of farming sphere and nomadic sphere, must be underlined. Firstly, the clash of Civilizations occurred between farming sphere and nomadic sphere, but, because of highly complementary with each other in economy, the structure of unify of duality was created. Amalgamation emerged from collision. The Great Wall is one entity of collision and amalgamation.An evolution in interactive course: the history of farming sphere and nomadic sphere, was divided into four stages and had two symmetrical patterns. Two spheres of internai action were mingled into unity of diversity nations. The symmetrical patterns showed a rhythm in history. It is considerable that private economy had important influences on national assimilation in two civilization spheres. The third culture was created as a transition from one to other culture.To analyze cause and mechanism of multi-origins into integration from views of interaction and evolution of agriculturally and nomadic groups at both sides of the Great Wall: a civilization is pulled by transverse and lengthways powers. A special mechanism of Chinese civilization with cohesiveness lied in transformation from transverse and external impetus to lengthways and internal driving force. Several old civilizations collapsed or discontinued in wave of nomadic national invasions. But, only Chinese civilization can transform the transverse and external impetus to the lengthways and internal driving force, so Chinese civilization becomes only continues civilization among old civilizations.In clash of agricultural civilization and other external civilizations or cultures, cohesiveness of Chinese civilization transformed other external civilizations or cultures as driving force for agricultural civilization. So, Chinese civilization, from multi-origins to integration, is necessity.更多还原