【作者】 王辉民；

【导师】 钟佐燊；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学（北京） ， 环境工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 生态环境是人类生存、发展的基本条件,生态环境的稳定发展是社会经济可持续发展的保障和基础,解决经济增长与环境保护的矛盾和问题,谋求人类经济、社会和生态的持续发展,成为当代人类的历史使命。生态保护方面存在的效益及相关的经济效益在保护者和受益者、破坏者与受害者之间的不公平分配,是制约生态环境保护者积极性的重要障碍。为了激励生态环境保护者的积极性和提高生态环境破坏者的损害成本,建立生态补偿机制成为近期社会关注的热点。论文系统分析了国内外开展生态补偿的研究与实践情况,总结了主要经验与不足。国际经验表明,健全的法律制度、政府强有力的财政支付能力、多渠道的融资途径、广泛的公众参与和多样的补偿方式是生态补偿成功实施的基础。我国的生态补偿实践早于生态补偿的研究,生态补偿研究主要侧重从宏观角度考虑生态补偿政策的实施问题,已经开展的生态补偿实践,也都是针对专项工程、在特定区域、以政策形式实施的,而对经济和社会活动特别是开发建设活动,尚没有建立生态补偿机制。环境影响评价制度在国民经济和社会发展中具有重要作用,其法律强制性、纳入基本建设程序和规划审批程序、实行分类管理和分级审批、开展公众参与、资质审查和全过程管理等特点,以及健全的技术导则与规范体系,特别是经济损益分析的量化和货币化分析,为生态补偿提供了技术基础、制度依托和有效途径。论文从环境影响评价的工作程序、工作内容和工作目标等不同角度,分析探讨了生态补偿与环境影响评价过程相结合的可行性,并结合糯扎渡水电站工程具体案例进行了生态损失计算和生态补偿研究。以此为基础,对在环境影响评价中引入生态补偿机制进行了制度设计,并对关键技术环节进行了讨论。结论认为,生态补偿的目的是调整相关利益各方生态环境及其经济利益的分配关系,而环境影响评价的目的是调整人类开发建设活动对生态环境的影响关系。环境影响评价相关法律法规为生态补偿提供了法律保障,环境影响评价的制度特点为实施生态补偿提供了有效途径,环境影响评价公众参与程度的不断提高为生态补偿的宣传和实施提供了基础,环境影响评价的工作过程为生态补偿提供了依托,环境影响报告书中对环境影响的经济损益分析为建设项目生态补偿金的确定提供了基础数据资料。环境影响评价工作中引入生态补偿是具有可行性和可操作性的,环境影响评价是落实生态补偿的有效途径。将生态补偿引入环境影响评价,可以将调整开发建设活动、生态环境和经济利益相关方整合在一起,既扩大了环境影响评价的内涵,同时可以形成落实生态补偿的有效机制。并且通过引入生态补偿可以提高环境影响评价的完整性和有效性,使生态补偿形成统一的管理。为了提高生态补偿实施效果,论文还建议加强相关法律法规配套建设,强化损益分析和生态补偿的相关基础研究,并开展环境影响评价的生态补偿试点,同时研究开展生态保护效益审计和建立生态补偿的环境公益诉讼制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Eco-environment is the basic condition for existence and development of human beings, and its stable development is the guarantee and basis for sustainable development of socieconomy. It is a historic mission for contemporary human beings to solve the contradictions and problems between economic growth and environmental protection, and to seek the sustainable development of economy, society and ecology. However, the unfair distribution of eco-environmental benefits and economic benefits between protectors and beneficiaries and that between destroyers and beneficiaries has been an important barrier to constrain the enthusiasms of eco-environment protectors. In order to advance the enthusiasms of eco-environment protectors and increase the costs of eco-environment destroyers, the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism has been a social focus recently.A systematic analysis of studies and practices of ecological compensation both at home and abroad were provided and the main experience and shortcomings summarized. International experience is that the established legal system, strong governmental financial payment ability, multi-channel financing approaches, wide public participation and multiple compensation forms are basis for successful implementation of ecological compensation. In China, the study on ecological compensation lacks behind the ecological compensation practices, and the study on ecological compensation mainly focuses on the policy implementation from macro aspects. The ecological compensation practices are all implemented for specific engineering works in specific areas in the form of policies, while for economic and social activities, especially development and construction activities, there has been no ecological compensation established.The system of environmental impact assessment (EIA) plays imports roles in national economy and social development. It has the characteristic of legal compulsion, been integrated in the capital construction procedure and planning approval procedure, implements management by classifications and approval by grades, and conducts public participation, qualification examination and total process management, etc. It has established a basically perfect system of technical guidelines and normalizations, especially quantitative and monetary cost-benefit analysis techniques, which can provide technical basis, regulation justification and effective approaches for ecological compensation. The paper discusses the feasibility of combination of ecological compensation and EIA in terms of EIA procedure, contents and targets. The ecological loss estimation and ecological compensation study were carried out with a case study in Nuozhadu Hydroelectric Station. Based on this, a system has been framed in order to integrate the ecological compensation into EIA. Moreover, some key relevant technical issues have been discussed.It was concluded that the aim of ecological compensation is to adjust the distribution relationship of economic and eco-environment benefits among relevant beneficiaries, while that of EIA is to adjust the impact relationship of human development activities on eco-environment. The related EIA laws and regulations can provide legal guarantee for ecological compensation, its system characteristics can provide effective ways for implementation of ecological compensation, its ever-improved public participation mechanism can provide basis for propaganda and implementation of ecological compensation, its work procedure can provide support for ecological compensation, and the economic loss-benefit analysis in EIA reports can provide basic data for determination of ecological compensation amounts. The inclusion of ecological compensation in EIA is feasible and practical, and the EIA is an effective approach to implement ecological compensation. By including ecological compensation in EIA, the adjustment of development activities and adjustment of eco-environmental and economic relevant beneficiaries can be integrated, not only are the implications of EIA expanded, but also an effective mechanism of ecological compensation can be implemented. Also, the inclusion of ecological compensation can improve the integrity and effectiveness of EIA itself, and help form a normalized management of ecological compensation.In order to enhance the implementation effectiveness of ecological compensation, some suggestions are offered, including strengthening establishment of complementary laws and regulations, consolidating lass-benefit analysis and related basic researches on ecological compensation, carrying out pilot demonstration for ecological compensation in EIA, performing study on ecological protection benefit audit and establishing environmental public interest lawsuit system.更多还原