【作者】 邓岳敏；

【导师】 谢作栩；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 高等教育学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本论文从历史的视角和劳动经济学视角对改革开放以来我国高校人才培养与劳动力市场的对接问题进行了探讨,集中研究了以下三个问题:一是考察了不同历史阶段我国人才需求的宏观背景。二是运用劳动力市场供求均衡理论、人力资本理论和劳动力市场分割理论分析了不同历史阶段我国高校人才培养在总量、结构和规格方面与劳动力市场需求之间的矛盾及其原因。三是重新审视了不同历史阶段加强高校人才培养与劳动力市场对接的改革措施及其成效。通过历史研究和理论分析,本论文得出了以下几点主要结论:第一,高校人才培养在规模、结构和规格上与市场需求之间的矛盾长期存在,但不同历史阶段矛盾的焦点不同。前市场经济时期矛盾的焦点是人才供给全面短缺;90年代初至扩招以前矛盾的焦点由人才数量短缺开始向人才结构和规格与劳动力市场之间错位转变;扩招以来矛盾的焦点集中在人才结构、规格与劳动力市场需求的错位上。第二,改革开放以来我国高校人才培养规模的周期变化与经济周期变化基本吻合,但受国家政策影响显著。高校人才培养规模变化和经济增长都呈周期变动,高校人才培养规模通常比经济增长晚一年左右到达波峰和谷底,但是前者的振幅要比后者大得多。当国家出台重大的教育政策时,高校人才培养规模的波动很大,通常在同年或一年后达到波峰或谷底。第三,劳动力市场分割以及由此带来的人力资本投资回报率低是阻碍大学生通向西部和农村的根本原因。大学生不愿意去西部和农村就业,固然会受到就业观念的影响,但这不是根本原因。我国城乡之间、不同地区之间劳动力市场分割,并由此产生了不同劳动力市场之间的工作环境和工资待遇差异过大,人才在不同劳动力市场之间流动困难等问题。大学生去西部和农村就业意味着投资回报率低,成本回收困难,而且如果想返回东部和城市劳动力市场就业,必须支付巨额工作转换成本。这是阻碍大学生流向西部和农村的根本原因。因此,仅仅依靠宣传无法改变大学生集中在东部和城市就业的现状,缩小不同劳动力市场之间的差距,减少劳动力市场分割,才是促进大学生通向西部和农村的根本出路。第四,增量改革是二十多年来加强高校人才培养与劳动力市场对接的主要改革模式。大部分改革都是以增量改革为先导,在不触动既得利益集团的利益的前提下进行,当增量改革达到一定程度时,再由增量改革带动存量改革,最终达到改革的目标。第五,造成高校人才培养与劳动力市场不能有效对接的原因很多,既有高等教育系统内部的原因,也有高等教育系统之外的原因。高校只能在调节人才培养规模、结构和规格上有所作为,但是无法解决由国家政策的不连续性、劳动力市场分割等带来的高校人才培养与劳动力市场的不对接问题。因此,高等学校只能对人才供求的错位承担有限责任。针对我国高校人才培养与劳动力市场之间存在的矛盾及其产生的原因,本论文提出以下几点改革建议:一,加强高校与企业界的联系,提高企业家在高校人才培养中的作用。二、依靠校友资源加强对劳动力市场需求的调查和预测。三、提高教育资源配置的市场化程度,增强高校面向市场办学的意识和能力。四、下放专业设置权,提高专业设置的市场针对性。五、建立专业设置与人才供求的预报和预警机制。六、减少劳动力市场分割,促使大学生通向西部和农村。本论文的主要贡献在于:第一,对“对接”、“高校人才培养与劳动力市场对接”等术语的内涵和外延做了新的界定。第二,对不同历史阶段我国高校人才培养在总量、结构、规格方面与劳动力市场之间存在的问题及其原因进行了对比研究。第三,得出了几点新的结论。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation explores the connection of talents training of higher education institutions and labor market since reform and opening in China from the perspective of history and labor economics. It specially focus on the following three problems. First, it analyzes the macroscopic background of talents demand in different stages; secondly, by using the theory of labor market equilibrium between demand and supply, the theory of human capital and the theory of segmented labor market, it analyzes the contradictions and their reasons between quantities, structures , standards of talents training in higher education institutions and the requirement of labor market; finally, it re-examines the reform measures and their outcomes in strengthening the connection between talents training and labor market.After historical research and theoretical analysis, several conclusions have been drawn in this dissertation. First of all, the contradictions between talents training of higher education institutions and labor market in quantities, structures and standards have been existing for a long history, but the focus of the contradictions differ a lot in different periods. In pre-market economy period, the focus of the contradictions is that the supply of talents is scarce seriously. From early 1990s to enrollment expansion, the focus starts to change from quantity scarce severely to the confliction between structures and standards of talents training of higher education institutions and market demand. Since the enrollment expansion, the confliction between structures and standards of talents training of higher education institutions and market demand becomes the main focus.Second, the periodical changes of the scale of talents training of higher education institutions coincide with the changes of economy. The scale of talents training of higher education institutions and economic growth change periodically. The scale of talents training of higher Education Institutions arrives to the top and bottom about one year later than economic growth, but the former’s change is much greater than the latter’s. When some important educational policy is announced, the scale of talents training of higher education institutions fluctuates greatly, and usually arrives to the top or bottom in the same year or one year later.Third, the segmentation of labor market and low return rate of human capital investment is the ultimate reason which blocks talents flowing to west China and rural areas after graduation. To some extent, employment idea affects graduates’employment, but this is not the ultimate reason. For the segmentation between urban and rural areas, or among different regions, working environment and personal salary differ greatly, and talents can not flow from one labor market to another freely. Working in west China or rural areas means lower return rate. Once these graduates want to return eastern part of China and find a place in labor market , they have to pay a lot for this kind of job transformation. This is the main reason which prevent graduates flowing to west China and rural areas. Therefore, the situation that difficult employment for graduates in eastern China and urban areas will not be changed only by the way of encouragement. Narrowing the gap of different labor market, and reducing labor market segmentation are the ultimate ways to promote graduates flowing to west China and rural area.Fourth, increment reform is the main model to strengthen the connection of talents training of higher education institutions and labor market in recent 20 years. Increment reform is forerunner in most reforms, which are put into practice without harming stockholders’interest. When increment reform has succeeded to some degrees, it begins to drive the deposit reform, and achieves the aim finally.Fifth, there are many factors affecting the connection of talents training of higher education institutions and labor market. Some factors lies in higher education system, and some beyond higher education system. Higher education institutions can take some measures to adjust their scales, structures, and standards, but they can not solve the problems brought by policy non-continuity and labor market segmentation. Therefore, higher education institutions should partly answer for the non-connection of talents training of higher education institutions and labor market.Aiming at the contradiction and their reasons between talents training of higher education institutions and labor market, some advice is put forward in this dissertation. First is to strengthen the contact of higher education institutions with industry, and to make entrepreneurs play a more important role in talents training. Secondly is to depend on the resources of schoolfellow for strengthening the investigation and forecast of labor market demand. Thirdly is to increase the degree of education resource marketization for improving higher education institutions’consciousness and ability of facing market. Fourthly is to transfering the power of major setup to a lower level for improving the market pertinency of major setup. Fifthly is to establish the forecast and pre-alarm system. Sixthly is to reduce labor market segmentation, and to promote graduates flowing to west China and rural areas.The main contribution of this dissertation lies in the following three points: First, it gives new definition for some terms, such as“connection”,“connection of talents training of higher education institutions and labor market”, etc. Second, it compares the differences and reasons for the problem of talents training and labor market in different periods. Finally, it draws some new conclusions .更多还原