【作者】 王进；

【导师】 张振家；

【作者基本信息】 上海交通大学 ， 环境工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 绍兴污水处理厂负责处理绍兴市、县两级的生活污水和工业废水,日处理能力70万吨。其处理的废水为含8%的市政污水、90%印染废水及2%的其他工业废水的混合印染废水。印染废水又主要来源于碱减量印染废水。混合印染废水具有有机污染物浓度高、pH(9.14-10.21)、COD、色度深、SS(悬浮物)均高及低BOD/COD(有别于其它的印染废水或市政废水)等特点,属难处理的工业废水类。在过去的四年里,绍兴污水厂很好地履行了其处理废水的任务,处理出水始终能达到国家排放标准。然而,由于其主体工艺是好氧,由此必须面对好氧工艺本身带来的废水处理高成本问题及制约其发展的瓶颈——剩余污泥处置问题。而厌氧处理技术具有高COD去除率、低污泥产率、可以产生沼气、回收能源等诸多优点,可能成为解决这两个问题的途径。因此,本论文的尝试探讨了将高效厌氧技术在处理绍兴印染废水及污泥减量化中的可行性及其效果。该研究的主要结论如下:高效厌氧技术的中试研究采用了三类厌氧反应器AnaEG、折流板式ABR和回转式反应器APFR。处理后COD平均消减量分别为494、393、307 mg/L,消减幅度分别为36.0%、28.6%和22.4%。AnaEG反应器处理后BOD平均降低了近100 mg/L;ABR和APFR分别降低了8和61 mg/L。B/C最终都保持0.4左右或略高于0.4,处于易生化降解范围内。经厌氧处理后C:N:P的比例都是明显改观的。硫酸盐还原作用使出水硫化物的增加,产甲烷菌的生长受到严重抑制,各反应器均未大量产生沼气。后续好氧阶段能正常运行。一期厌氧池清理改造后,厌氧出水COD均值平均削减了165 mg/L,BOD平均削减了40 mg/L, B/C略有提高。硫酸盐含量削减70 mg/L左右,SS均值降低了81 mg/L。厌氧对TN和TP的削减幅度都不大,C:N:P的比例都有所优化。进出水pH均值分别为9.58、8.51,变化范围明显减小。成本分析表明厌氧工艺的使用使可以污水厂处理总成本降低490万元/年左右。AnaEG对TA的降解率为8.5%,说明TA是难于被厌氧降解。GC-MS分析表明经AnaEG处理后,烷烃含量由进水的71.26%下降到出水的19.57%,有机物种类由进水的112降到了64。AnaEG反应器对高级烷烃这类对产甲烷菌等厌氧菌有很强毒性的物质也有很高的降解效率。三种毒性测定方法测定均表明废水毒性很强,AnaEG则可大大减轻废水的毒性。卫生填埋场内厌氧消化了一年的颗粒污泥产甲烷活性最高,最适合做接种用的颗粒污泥,其可以加速反应器的启动。扫描电镜分析表明,三个泥样(分别为:填埋场内厌氧消化一年后的泥、消化前即好氧剩余污泥浓缩压滤后的泥及运行了400 d的AnaEG内的颗粒泥)的微生物结构有很大不同,而PCR-DGGE表明三个泥样的菌种类型差异不大,这些颗粒污泥的粒径分布存在着明显的差异。据此提出了填埋场生产颗粒污泥的污泥颗粒化过程的新三步模型。在出水TCOD均在排放标准150 mg/L以下的前提下,好氧剩余污泥回流比率可达到好氧处理时剩余污泥量的60%。进水高pH能有效促进剩余污泥减量化。SRT为10 d和25 d的好氧剩余污泥,最大污泥回流比率分别可达60%和40%。好氧和厌氧/兼性菌在污泥产率上的明显差异,是不同pH条件或不同SRT的剩余污泥在减量化时会有不同最大削减量的重要原因。生产应用表明,一期污泥可减量0.24吨干泥/万吨水;二期污泥可减量0.45吨干泥/万吨水。从AnaEG内提取的好氧TA降解菌JD-1经生理生化及分子生物学鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌,厌氧TA降解菌JD-2鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌。JD-1 24 h内对1000 mg/L TA降解率99%,JD-2 72 h内对1000 mg/L TA降解率98%。GC-MS分析表明厌、好氧降解途径有较大不同。高效兼性厌氧染料脱色菌JD-3也为铜绿假单胞菌,其72 h内可使各类100 mg/L的多种染料完全脱色,染料脱色在缺氧条件下最好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant （SWWTP） is responsible to treat municipal and industrial wastewater with a total treatment capacity of 700, 000 m³/d. Wastewater of SWWTP is mainly composed of 8% municipal sewage, 90% dyeing and printing wastewater and 2% other industrial wastewater. Being main component of SWWTP’s wastewater originates from the alkali-decomposition processes of dyeing, printing, terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater （TPD wastewater）, it is characterized by high pH （9.14-10.21）, COD, color, SS （suspended solids） and low BOD/COD ratio （different from traditional printing and dyeing wastewater and municipal sewage）. It belongs to the wastewater hard to be treated.In the past 4 years, SWWTP has well performed its responsibility and its effluent can be discharged below the discharging standard. However, WWTP have to be confronted with the sky-high wastewater treatment cost and thinking over the aerobic residual sludge disposal every day because of its predominant aerobic treatment unit. Under the condition of present energy resources are badly needed and deficient greatly of resources, the topic of sustainable development has become people’s concerns. For its potential benefits of superior COD removal, lower sludge production and to cut down energy consumption, along with biogas generation, anaerobic digestion is a well established wastewater treatment technology, with worldwide application.The main purposes of this paper were to research the performance of application of advanced anaerobic technology in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment and cutting down the aerobic residual sludge of SWWTP. The key results from these studies are summarized as followings:Three kinds of different pilot-scale anaerobic reactors consisting of anaerobic baffled reactor （ABR）, anaerobic plug flow reactor （APFR） and AnaEG were operated in the pilot-scale experiment of anaerobic technology. The average value of the diminished COD was 494, 393, 307mg/l or the average ratio of the diminished COD was 36.0%, 28.6% and 22.4%. The diminished BOD of AnaEG was 100 mg/l, while that of ABR and APFR was 8, 61 mg/L. All B/C were about or above 0.40, and were in the scope of easily biodegradation. Component of nutrient material changed very little. The ratio of C: N: P became better. The role of sulfate-reducing increased the concentration of sulfides/H2S in the anaerobic effluent, which heavily inhibited the Methanobacterium sp., and the methane produced little. The effluent of aerobic process after anaerobic could below the discharge standard.After cleaned and remedied, the average value of the diminished COD of anaerobic effluent in No.1 Stage of SWWTP was 165 mg/l. The diminished BOD was 40 mg/l, and the ratio of B/C increased. The diminished SO₄^2- was 70 mg/l and SS removed was 81 mg/l. The ratio of C: N: P became better. Influent and effluent pH was 9.58 and 8.51, and the variation range became narrow. According to the cost analysis, the practice of anaerobic in SWWTP would reduce the cost 4.90 million yuan per year.The degradation ratio of TA was 8.5% in the AnaEG,which showed that TA is hard to be decomposed under anaerobic conditions. The paper was to evaluate anaerobic treatment efficiency of reducing toxic compounds by gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS） analysis showed that a main component of the raw effluent was long-chain n-alkanes. Alkanes in the AnaEG could be reduced from 71.26% to 19.57%. The categories of the total organic components reduced from 112 to 64. AnaEG had a better degradation performance on the toxicity of long-chain n-alkanes which is toxicity to Methanobacterium sp. Three different toxicity tests showed that the wastewater had heavy toxicity, and AnaEG could reduce its toxicity.The sludge activity of the anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill was at its peak. It was the fittest seeded granular sludge and its adding could accelerate the star up of the reactor. SEM demonstrated the main microbial species of sludge in the three different sludges （granular sludge of landfill after digestion for 1 year; granular sludge of landfill after digestion for 0 d; granular sludge taken from the pilot-scale EGSB after operation 400 d） had obvious differences. However, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis of polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments demonstrated a high degree of similarity of them. The particle size distribution demonstrated that there were some different between them. Three-step Model for the anaerobic granular sludge formation in sanitary landfill was put forward.The inversed sludge ratio of aerobic excess biomass recirculated to ABR could get 60% reduction in sludge production under aerobic conditions with effluent TCOD concentration well below the discharging limit of 150mg/L. High influent pH could promote the minimizing excess sludge production efficiency. The inverse ratio of the aerobic sludge recirculation to anaerobic reactor could reach 60% and 40% individually for the system with aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） of 10 d and 25 d. The distinct difference in sludge yield of aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic processes could explain the reason why it was different for different pH and aerobic SRT. Produce application presented that aerobic excess biomass in No.1 Stage of SWWTP could be reduced by 0.24 ton dry sludge/10,000 ton wastewater; No.1 Stage could reduce 2780 ton wet sludge per day.The aerobic TA degradation bacterium JD-1 was Pseudomonas aeruginasa, and anaerobic TA degradation bacterium JD-2 was Bacillus Cereus. JD-1 could degrade 1000 mg/L of TA in 24 h under aerobic conditions, and JD-2 could degrade 1000 mg/L of TA in 72 h. GC-MS analysis showed that their degradation approaches were different. One decolour facultative aerobes bacterium JD-3 isolated from AnaEG was Pseudomonas aeruginasa could degrade many kinds of azo-dyes of 100 mg/L in 72 h. Dyes were decoloured best under anoxic conditions.更多还原