【作者】 朱勍；

【导师】 吴志强；

【作者基本信息】 同济大学 ， 城市规划， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 关于城市认识的争论自古就有。从远古时代人们对于生命的崇拜而产生的混沌的、整体的认识论,到19世纪中叶以来,由自然科学发展而引起的以机械、还原为基础的认识论的变革,人们从不同视角来解释着城市现象,逐渐衍生出城市经济学、城市社会学、城市地理学、城市生态学等一系列城市学科。到了20世纪70年代以后,系统论的运用遍及到各个学科领域,人们开始用系统的方法剖解城市,一大批城市科学的分支学科应运而生,取得了令人瞩目的进展。然而,当系统论研究方法取得成效的同时,困惑也越来越缠绕着城市学者们。城市远比想象的要复杂得多,系统的叠加并不能还原成为一个完整的城市。20世纪90年代以来,复杂学科的发展使人们意识到机械的、拆分的研究方法的局限,城市是一个自组织的复杂系统的概念开始被接受和认同。但这似乎还是不够的,城市除了物质构成和自组织系统之外,还有着价值观、文化、精神等等弥漫和渗透于城市各个系统中的内容,而且,这一内容越来越成为城市发展的主导和关键。那么,城市是什么?如何认识我们的城市?自1967年萨里宁提出“城市是个有机体”以来,人们会在不同的场合、不同的学科研究中有意无意地把城市与生物有机体进行类比或比喻。城市现象与生命现象有很多相似之处,城市的内部组织运转、对外界刺激的反应等等现象在不断拉近城市与生命两个概念的距离。那么,是否可以用生命理论解释城市现象,解释它的复杂性和能动性?它会给城市研究和城市规划带来怎样的变化?论文从这样的疑问和假设开始,通过实践观察和经验分析,尝试用经典生物学中的生命理论来解释城市演进中的一些现象,提出了“城市具有生命特征”和“城市生命力”的论点,这一论点的提出是在系统论、复杂理论、自组织理论的研究基础上对城市认识的一个视角补充。从这一视角认识城市,一方面让我们反思人类对于城市的态度,要将城市由一个“无痛痒感觉的复杂机器”的实体认识转变为“有生命特征,有生命力需求和自身运转规律”的主体认识,城市研究也要走出“用更复杂的方法解决城市这一复杂机器存在的问题”的误区,尊重城市的内在需求和运转规律,通过有效的方法维护城市内部各构成要素和系统的异质性并加强其相互间的固有联系。城市规划的核心工作是维护和壮大城市生命力,要充分考虑城市生命力的承载底线,用善待生命的态度善待城市,不能主观、肆意地对待城市。论文在最后提出了城市研究和规划思维方法的转变,提出了基于城市生命特征认识、强调主体和过程的城市研究和城市规划思维方法。城市研究可以借鉴自然科学的发展经验,主动地从宏观研究走向微观研究,从表象的认识和总结走向城市系统构成和运转规律的研究,而城市规划作为对城市运转过程中的一种介入,应该顺应城市在不同阶段的生命力需求,对城市内部存在的各种复杂系统进行整合和引导,使其运转更为顺畅,生命力更加强大。这一基本思维方法的改变对于今天快速城市化的中国和世界都有着重要的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 How to understand a city is a question in debate for many years. From ancient time’s fuzzy and all-in-one epistemology derived from worship for human life to mid-19th century epistemology revolution which is based on mechanism and return and resulted from the development in natural science, people began to explain city behavior from different points, and thus had a series of urban study fields emerged, such as Urban Economics, Urban Sociology, Urban Geography, Urban Ecology and Urban Ecology, altogether in the effort to search for ultimate scientific truth. After 1970s, when the theory of systems had entered all studies of science, people started to analyze the city with systemic methods, a great number of urban sciences emerged and made impressive progress.However, the questions puzzling urban researchers didn’t disappear as the study method of system theories made some achievements. The city is much more complicated than it was thought to be, simply putting all systems together does not give us an entire city. Since 1990s, the development of complex science has let people see the limitation of mechanical and discrete study methods and the concept that city is a self-organizing and complex system has been accepted. It nonetheless doesn’t seem to be enough. Not only is city composed of tangible components and self-organizing systems, it also contains factors such as social values, culture history, spiritual aspect and more that too are parts of each system of the city and they become more and more of the key and major factors in city’s growth. Then the questions are: what is the city? How do we understand the city?Since 1967 when Saarinen put forward the idea "City is an organism ", people have compared, in one way or the other, the city with biological organism in various occasions or in their individual research projects. The city is quite similar with the living thing. The way how internal units of a city run or how city responds to external impact has continually showed to us the close conceptual similarity between city and a body of life. So, can we use the theory of life science to explain urban phenomenon in terms of its complexity and dynamics? What changes will be produced for city study and plan?The thesis starts with questions and hypotheses through practice observation and experience analysis to explain some phenomena in the evolution of city with animal theory in classical biology in order to put forward a lemma that "city behaves with living character" and "life of a city" which is to supplement another visual angle in understanding the city based on systematic theory, the theories of system, complexity and self-organization. To understand from this visual angle allows us to reexamine our attitude toward the city. The city that used to be reckoned as an entity of "a complex but senseless machine" has now been regarded as one that has "demand to live, mind and ability as well as has self running rules". City research should not repeat the mistake that is "solving the problems of a complicated machine such as a city with more complicated methods." We should respect its needs and natural operating rules and maintain the heterogeneity among its internal components and systems and reinforce their natural relation through effective methods. The core work of urban planning is to maintain and enlarge the life of city and consider fully about its max load and treat the city as a living thing, and we shall never arbitrarily abuse it.In conclusion, the thesis has indicated the changes in urban study and planning concept and introduced the method for city research and city plan that is based on the understanding of living character of city, it has also built a conceptual model for the city which emphasizes main body as well as process. Urban study can learn from the development experience of natural science, which take steps forwardly from macro to micro study and from drawing conclusions with knowledge on the surface to research on the structure of city and its running course. Urban planning as part of the process of the city should be done in consistence to needs of the city in a different period and should integrate and guide the complex systems of a city so that it can run better and have greater viability. The change of this basic idea is very important and has practical significance in the process of today’s fast urbanization of China as well as the world.更多还原